Biotechnology and its Applications — BIOLOGY STD 12 Science — Question

Under natural immunity, how are we automatically protected from environmental germs through protective processes? ###How do innate immunity prevent the entry of external pathogenic factors? Explain.

Identify a, b, c, d, e and f in the table given below:

	Organism	Bioactive molecule	Use
1. 2. 3.	Monascus perpureus (yeast) c e	a d Cyclosporin A	b antibiotic f

A farmer while working on his farm was bitten by a poisonous snake. The workers in the farm immediately rushed him to the nearby health centre. The doctor right away gave him an injection to save his life. What did the doctor inject and why? Explain.

Do you think that reproductive health in our country has improved in the past 50 years? If yes, mention some such areas of improvement.

Rajesh was doing gel electrophoresis to purify DNA fragments. Given below is the sketch of the observations of the experiment performed by him.

1. At which end he would have loaded the samples and where?
2. Analyse the reason for different positions taken up by the DNA bands.
3. Elaborate the step he would have followed to visualize DNA bands.

What is a bioreactor? Explain its functioning.

What percent of all bird species and mammal species, respectively face the threat of extinction?

Mention the chemical nature of an antibody and name the type of cells they are produced by. Write the difference between active and passive immune responses on the basis of antibodies.

i. Explain the concept of endemism.
ii. Name four regions in and around our country that are considered hot-spots.

Answer the following questions:
How do flowers reward their insect pollinators? Explain.