Question
Describe the differences in the properties of lanthanoids and actinoids.

Answer

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Shyam went to a grocery shop to purchase some food items. The shopkeeper packed all the items in polythene bags and gave them to Shyam. But Shyam refused to accept the polythene bags and asked the shopkeeper to pack the items in paper bags. He informed the shopkeeper about the heavy penalty imposed by the government for using polythene bags. The shopkeeper promised that he would use paper bags in future in place of polythene bags.Answer the following:
  1. Write the values (at least two) shown by Shyam.
  2. Write one structural difference between low-density polythene and high-density polythene.
  3. Why did Shyam refuse to accept the items in polythene bags?
  4. What is a biodegradable polymer? Give an example.
Attempt any five of the following$:$
$(a)$ Deficiency of which vitamin causes night$-$blindness.
$(b)$ Give two examples of reducing sugars.
$(c$) Define the following terms$:$
$i.$ Glycosidic linkage
$ii.$ Native protein
$(d)$ Write function of carbohydrates in plants.
$(e)$ Differentiate between$:$
$i.$ Peptide linkage and Glycosidic linkage
$ii.$ Nucleoside and Nucleotide
$(f)$ What type of linkage holds together the monomers of $ \text{DNA}?$
$(g$) Write the product obtained when $D-$glucose reacts with $H_2N-OH.$
Describe the nucleophilic addition- elimination reactions of carbonyl compounds with reference to their reaction with the following compounds:
(i) Alcohol and thio alcohol
(ii) Ammonia and its derivatives
a. Account for the following:
i. Copper (I) compounds are white whereas Copper (II) compounds are coloured.
ii. Chromates change their colour when kept in an acidic solution.
iii. $Zn , Cd , Hg$ are considered as d-block elements but not as transition elements.
b. Calculate the spin-only moment of $Co ^{2+}( Z =27)$ by writing the electronic configuration of Co and $Co ^{2+}$.
How to determine the vapour pressure and total pressure of the components in binary solution of two volatile liquids? Explain their mathematical form and also explain the graph between mole fraction and vapour pressure for an ideal solution.
  1. Differentiate between molarity and molality for a solution. How does a change in temperature influence their values?
  2. Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution containing $10.50\ g$ of $MgBr_2$ in $200\ g$ of water. (Molar mass of $MgBr_2 = 184 g$)
$(K_f$ for water $= 1.86\ K\ kg\ mol^{–1})$
  1. Draw the structures of the following:
  1. $H_2S_2O_7$.
  2. $HClO_3$.
  1. Explain the following observations:
  1. In the structure of $HNO_3$, the N–O bond.
$(121\ pm)$ is shorter than the N–OH bond $(140\ pm)$.
  1. All the P–Cl bonds in $PCl_5$​​​​​​​ are not equivalent.
  2. ICl is more reactive than $I_2$​​​​​​​.
Discuss aldol condensation in detail.
A hydrocarbon 'A', $\left(\mathrm{C}_4 \mathrm{H}_8\right)$ on reaction with HCl gives a compound ' B ', $\left(\mathrm{C}_4 \mathrm{H}_9 \mathrm{Cl}\right)$, which on reaction with 1 mol of $\mathrm{NH}_3$ gives compound ' C ', ( $\left.\mathrm{C}_4 \mathrm{H}_{11} \mathrm{~N}\right)$. On reacting with $\mathrm{NaNO}_2$ and HCl followed by treatment with water, compound ' C ' yields an optically active alcohol,'D'. Ozonolysis of 'A' gives 2 mols of acetaldehyde. Identify compounds 'A' to 'D'. Explain the reactions involved.
What happens to most probable kinetic energy and the energy of activation with increase in temperature?