Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Sports — Physical Education STD 12 Commerce — Question

There are following major muscles involved in running:

1. Glutes: These muscles stabilise your hips and legs. They give extra strength. They work with the hamstring muscles and help hip flexors when your leg retracts behind you preparing to propel forward.
2. Quads: Quads propel you forward and help straighten out the leg in front so that it can make a good contact with the surface of the ground. These muscles are mainly used in the 'drive' phase.
3. Calves: These muscles give you spring in your step and at the same time they act as shock absorbers.
4. Hamstrings: As you move forward, the action switches to your hamstrings, the muscles at the back of your thigh muscles. In fact, these muscles help you in pulling the leg back behind you and give you the strength to propel your body forward. They have to lengthen quite a big when you run.
5. Core Muscles: Strong abs and back are really important because they keep your posture upright and the overall form good. These muscles play a significant role in running.
6. Biceps: Biceps also play a vital role in running. In fact, biceps maintain a bent arm and help in swinging your arms back and forth while running.

Major Muscles Involved in Jumping: Leg, feet and gluteus muscle groups are the major muscles used in jumping. Specific muscles which are involved in jumping are gluteus maximus, hamstrings, quadriceps and soleus. In fact, jumping occurs in three stages. The first stage is the preparatory stage where ankle muscles, calf muscles and soleus tense to prepare launching. The second phase is the launch phase, where hip extensors, the hamstrings and gluteus maximus combine and the knee extensors extend the knees to allow the body to launch into the air. The last stage is the landing phase where all the muscles embrace impact and allow the body to return to a resting position. Core muscles also play a vital role in jumping. However, the muscles of the arms also help in jumping farther.

Major Muscles Involved in Throwing: In throwing, the major muscles such as pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, anterior deltoid, trepesius and teres major are invloved. These muscles are completely responsible for velocity during the throw. The pectoralis major is the Iarge muscle in the chest and latissmus dorsi are the Iarge muscles on each side of your back. Deltoid, biceps and triceps are also involved in throwing shot and javelin in athletics.
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