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Enhancement of Food Production — BIOLOGY STD 12 Science — Question

Maharashtra BoardEnglish MediumSTD 12 ScienceBIOLOGYEnhancement of Food Production4 Marks
Question
Ectomycorrhizae and Endomycorrhizae.
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Answer

EctomycorrhizaeEndomycorrhizae
1. Mycelium of ectomycorrhizal fungi form a sheath called mantle on the surface of roots.1. Most of the endomycorrhizal hyphae penetrate in the root cortex.
2. Few hyphae form hartig-net in the intercellular spaces of root cortex.2. Fungal hyphae do not produce hartig-net.
3. Arbuscles and vesicles are not formed. 3. Arbuscles and vesicles are formed.

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Discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928 marked the beginning of the remarkable era in medical field. Penicillin was the first antibiotic extracted from Penicillium notatum. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial diseases. These can be broad spectrum which can kill diverse group of disease causing bacteria and narrow spectrum which is effective only against one group of pathogenic strain. Antibiotics can act as bactericides or bacteriostatic. Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria by - disruption of cell wall synthesis (e.g., penicillin, cephalosporin, etc.), inhibition of SOS ribosome function (e.g.; erythromycin), inhibition of 30S ribosome function (e.g., streptomycin, neomycin), inhibition of amino acid-tRNA binding to ribosome (e.g., tetracyline). etc. Bacteriostatic antibiotics do not kill the bacteria rather they restrict the growth of bacteria. Penicillin belongs to $\beta$-lactum group of antibiotics and it inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding and inactivating protein. It inhibits transpeptidation of reaction and blocks cross-linking of the cell wall. It is used to treat tonsilitis, sore throat, gonorrhoea, rheumatic fever and some pneumonia types.
  1. The first antibiotic was extracted from a:
  1. Lichen.
  2. Fungus.
  3. Eubacteria.
  4. Acti-nomycetes.
  1. Which of the following kills bacteria by interfering SOS ribosome function?
  1. Cephalosporin.
  2. Erythromycin.
  3. Streptomycin.
  4. Neomycin.
  1. $\beta$-lactum group of antibiotics kill the bacterial pathogen by:
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  1. Penicillin is not used to treat.
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  2. Tonsilitis.
  3. Rheumatic fever.
  4. Candidiasis.
  1. Assertion: Cephalosporins act by disruption of bacterial cell wall synthesis mechanism.
Reason: Cephalosporins are bacteriostatic antibiotics.
  1. Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
  2. Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
  3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
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(2) Grave’s disease(B) Pituitary
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Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
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S no.
Reema
Jai
Ankit
(a)
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Grave's disease
Rheumatic fever
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Pernicious anaemia
Multiple sclerosis
Myasthenia gravis
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AIDS
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  1. What do you think is the major cause of Jai's condition?
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  1. How do you think Ankit's condition got diagnosed?
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  2. To supply oxygen to the cells of the anther.
  3. To transport food and mineral salts to the anther.
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  3. A, B and D only.
  4. A, B, C and D.
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S. No
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Stamens
(a)
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(b)
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Non-pendulous
(c)
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Pendulous
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  2. 4
  3. 5
  4. 3
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  3. L- Primary spermatocyte, M - Secondary spermatocyte, N - Spermatozoa.
  4. J - Spermatogonium, K - Primary spermatocyte, N - Spermatid.
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Aditya went to his hometown located in countryside along with his parents during his summer vacations. His grand parents' house is surrounded by farmland from all sides. Lots of crops were growing nearby and Aditya was very excited to visit the crop fields. He seeked permission from his mother to play in farmland along with his friends and then went to play in the fields. On returning back he had running nose, watering eyes and continuous sneezing which was very frequent. TI1e symptoms worsened with time. Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
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  1. Allergy
  2. Infection
  3. Malnutrition
  4. Genetic disorder
  1. How can allergy be diagnosed in a person?
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  2. Presence of large number of bacteria in the blood.
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  4. Presence of sickle shaped RBCs in the blood
  1. The symptoms which Aditya developed on account of being allergic are consequence of?
  1. Inflammation of membrane lining the nose and conjunctiva
  2. Swelling up of tissue surrounding bronchioles of lungs
  3. Dilation of all arteries so that large amount of fluid passes from blood to tissues.
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  1. Name the type of allergy that Aditya developed.
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  2. Anaphylaxis
  3. Hay fever
  4. Urticaria
  1. Assertion : Hay fever is the form of allergy due to pollens of grasses and other plants.
Reason : Hay fever symptoms are due to release of histamines and often respond well to treatment with antihistamines.
  1. Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
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The process of copying genetic information from template strand of DNA into RNA is called transcription. It is mediated by RNA polymerase. Transcription takes place in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. In transcription, only a segment of DNA and only one of the strands is copied into RNA.
  1. What are regions of transcription unit in a DNA molecule?
  1. Promoter
  2. Structural gene
  3. Terminator
  4. All of these
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  1. Prokaryotes
  2. Bacteria
  3. Viruses
  4. Eukaryotes
  1. Which enzyme helps in tailing or polyadenylation?
  1. Poly-A polymerase
  2. Exonuclease
  3. RNA polymerase I
  4. RNA polymerase II
  1. Assertion: A single RNA polymerase in prokaryotes synthesis all types of RNAs.
Reason: Prokaryotic RNA polymerase has sigma $(\sigma)$ factor.
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  2. Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
  3. Assertion is true, but reason is false.
  4. Both assertion and reason are false.
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  1. RNA polymerase enzyme
  2. DNA template.
  3. DNA template.
  4. Okazaki segments.
  5. Four types of ribonucleotides triphosphates.
  6. Divalent metal ions $Mg^{2+}$​​​​​​​ as a cofactor.
Which of the above given materials are required for transcription?
  1. (1) (2) (3) and(4)
  2. (1) (2) (3) (5) and(6)
  3. (1) (2) (5) and(6)
  4. All of these
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