Question
Evaluate the following integrals:
$\int\limits_{0}^{\text{a}}\sqrt{\text{a}^2-\text{x}^2}\text{ dx}$
$\int\limits_{0}^{\text{a}}\sqrt{\text{a}^2-\text{x}^2}\text{ dx}$
✓
Answer
Let $\text{x}=\text{a}\sin\theta$
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
$\text{dx}=\text{a}\cos\theta\text{ d}\theta$
Now, $\text{x}=0\Rightarrow\theta=0$
$\text{x}=\text{a}\Rightarrow\theta=\frac{\pi}{2}$
$\therefore\ \int_{0}^\limits{\text{a}}\sqrt{\text{a}^2-\text{x}^2}\text{ dx}$
$=\int_{0}^\limits{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sqrt{\text{a}^2(1-\sin^2\theta)}\text{a}\cos\theta\text{ d}\theta$
$=\text{a}^2\int_{0}^\limits{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos^2\theta\text{ d}\theta$ $\Big[\because(1-\sin^2\theta)=\cos^2\theta\text{ and }\frac{1+\cos2\theta}{2}=\cos2\theta\Big]$
$=\frac{\text{a}^2}{2}\int_{0}^\limits{\frac{\pi}{2}}\big(1+\cos2\theta\big)\text{d}\theta$
$=\frac{\text{a}^2}{2}\Big[\frac{\pi}{2}+0-0-0\big]$
$=\frac{\pi\text{a}^2}{4}$
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
$\text{dx}=\text{a}\cos\theta\text{ d}\theta$
Now, $\text{x}=0\Rightarrow\theta=0$
$\text{x}=\text{a}\Rightarrow\theta=\frac{\pi}{2}$
$\therefore\ \int_{0}^\limits{\text{a}}\sqrt{\text{a}^2-\text{x}^2}\text{ dx}$
$=\int_{0}^\limits{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sqrt{\text{a}^2(1-\sin^2\theta)}\text{a}\cos\theta\text{ d}\theta$
$=\text{a}^2\int_{0}^\limits{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos^2\theta\text{ d}\theta$ $\Big[\because(1-\sin^2\theta)=\cos^2\theta\text{ and }\frac{1+\cos2\theta}{2}=\cos2\theta\Big]$
$=\frac{\text{a}^2}{2}\int_{0}^\limits{\frac{\pi}{2}}\big(1+\cos2\theta\big)\text{d}\theta$
$=\frac{\text{a}^2}{2}\Big[\frac{\pi}{2}+0-0-0\big]$
$=\frac{\pi\text{a}^2}{4}$
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