Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids — Chemistry STD 12 Science — Question

Give simple chemical terts to distinguish between the pair of compound :
Benzoic acid and Ethyl Benzoate

The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a certain temperature is 0.850 bar. A non-volatile, non-electrolyte solid weighing 0.5 g when added to 39.0 g of benzene (molar mass 78 g mol_{-1). Vapour pressure of the solution, then, is 0.845 bar. What is the molar mass of the solid substance?}

State Raoult’s law for a solution containing volatile components. Write two characteristics of the solution which obeys Raoult’s law at all concentrations.

Describe the following :
Acetylation

p-Dichlorobenzene has higher m.p. and solubility than those of o- and m-isomers. Discuss.

For M²⁺/M and M³⁺/M²⁺ systems the  values for some metals are as follows:

Cr2+/Cr	- 0.9 V	Cr3/Cr2+	- 0.4 V
Mn2+/Mn	- 1.2 V	Mn3+/Mn2+	+ 1.5 V
Fe2+/Fe	- 0.4 V	Fe3+/Fe2+	+ 0.8 V

Use this data to comment upon:

1. The stability of Fe³⁺ in acid solution as compared to that of Cr³⁺ or Mn³⁺.
2. The ease with which iron can be oxidised as compared to a similar process for either chromium or manganese metal.

Explain the following terms:

1. Invert sugar.
2. Polypeptides.

Write a note оп formation of amine compounds by reduction of nitro compounds.