Question
Explain the outline of the modern periodic table.

Answer

  • In the modern periodic table, the elements are arranged in the increasing order of atomic numbers.
  • The atomic number of any element is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus.
  • The number of protons in the nucleus is equal to the total number of electrons in the atom.
  • In the modern periodic table, elements having same number of valence electrons are placed in vertical columns called groups.
  • The vertical columns of elements in a periodic table are called groups.
  • The horizontal rows of elements in a periodic table are called periods.
  • The modern periodic table consists of 18 groups and 7 periods.
  • Electronic configuration of elements in a period :
  • Period number indicate the value of 'n' or shell (orbit) number 'n' is the number of the given shell starting from the nucleus.
  • The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in any shell is $2n_2$, where 'n' is the number of the given shell.
Table
Period number Number of valence shell Type of complete shell and elements Number of elements
First 1 $\mathrm{K}\left({ }_1 \mathrm{H} \text { to }{ }_2 \mathrm{He}\right)$ 2
Second 2 $\mathrm{L}\left({ }_3 \mathrm{Li}\right.$ to $\left.{ }_{10} \mathrm{Ne}\right)$ 8
Third 3 $\mathrm{M}\left({ }_{11} \mathrm{Na}\right.$ to $\left.{ }_{18} \mathrm{Ar}\right)$ 8
Fourth 4 $\mathrm{N}\left({ }_{19} \mathrm{~K}\right.$ to $\left.{ }_{36} \mathrm{Kr}\right)$ 18
Fifth 5 $\mathrm{O}\left({ }_{37} \mathrm{Rb}\right.$ to $\left.{ }_{54} \mathrm{Xe}\right)$ 18
Sixth 6 $\mathrm{P}\left({ }_{55} \mathrm{Cs}\right.$ to $\left.{ }_{86} \mathrm{Rn}\right)$ 32
Seventh 7 $- (_{87}Fr$ to $...)$ -
  • Electronic configuration of elements in a group :
  • All the elements in any group of the periodic table have identical outershell electronic configuration.
  • All the elements in a group have same number of electrons in their valence shell as well as they have similar properties.
  • The valence shell electronic configuration of alkali metals is $ns^1$ which is shown below :
Atomic number Symbol of element Name of element Electronic configuration
1 H Hydrogen 1
3 Li Lithium 2, 1
11 Na Sodium 2, 8, 1
19 K Potassium 2, 8, 8, 1
37 Rb Rubidium 2, 8, 8, 18, 1
55 Cs Cesium 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 1
87 Fr Francium 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 1

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