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Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principles and Techniques — Chemistry STD 11 Science — Question

Rajasthan BoardEnglish MediumSTD 11 ScienceChemistryOrganic Chemistry: Some Basic Principles and Techniques5 Marks
Question
Give three points of differences between inductive effect and resonance effect.
✓

Answer

Inductive effect vs Resonance effect.
Inductive effect Resonance effect
Based on electronegativity. Based on Conjugation.
Electron moves via sigma bonds. Electron moves via pi bonds or lone pairs.
It involves displacement of only $\sigma$ electrons and hence occurs only in saturated compounds. It involves delocalization of $\pi$ (pi) or n lone pairs of electrons and hence occurs in unsaturated and conjugated systems.
During inductive effect the electron pair is only slightly displaced towards the more electronegative atom and hence only partial positive and negative charges appear. During resonance effect, the electron pair I completely transferred and hence full positive and negative charges appear.
Inductive effect are transmitted over short  distance over short distances in saturated carbon chains and the magnitude of the effect decreases rapidly as distance from the heteroatom increases. The effects almost become negligible beyond three carbon atoms from the heteroatom. The resonance effect is transmitted all along the length of the conjugated system without suffering much change in magnitude.

C3 in crotonaldehyde is almost as positive as C1.
Distance short range. Distance may be long range.

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