Change and Development in Industrial Society — Sociology STD 12 Humanities — Question
CBSE BoardEnglish MediumSTD 12 HumanitiesSociologyChange and Development in Industrial Society4 Marks
Question
How is work carried out in India?
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Answer
In India, there is a whole range of work settings from large companies where work is automated to small home-based production. The basic task of a manager is to control workers and get more work out of them.
There are two main ways of making workers produce more.
First is to extent the working or equal duty hours.
Second is to increase the amount that is produced within a given time period. Machinery helps to increase production, but it also creates the danger that eventually machines will replace workers. Both Karl Marx and M.K. Gandhi saw mechanization as a danger to employment.
Another way of increasing output is by organizing work. An American called Frederick Winslow Taylor invented a new system in the 1890s, which is called "Scientific Management". It is also known as Taylorism or industrial engineering. Under his system, all work was broken down into its smallest repetitive elements, and divided between workers. Works were timed with the help of stopwatches and had to fulfil a certain target every day.
Production was further speeded up by the introduction of the assembly line. Each worker set along a conveyor belt and assembled only one part of the final product. The speed of work could be set by adjusting the speed of the conveyor belt.
The more mechanized an industry gets, the fewer people are employed, but they too have to work at the pace of the machine. For example, in Maruti Udyog Ltd. two cars roll off the assembly line every minute. Workers get only 45 minutes rest in the entire day-two tea breaks of 7.5 minutes each and one lunch break of half-an-hour.
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