Changing Cultural Traditions — History STD 11 Humanities — Question

The traditional religious culture of the classical world, both Greek and Roman, had been polytheist. That is, it involved a multiplicity of cults that included both Roman/Italian gods like Jupiter, Juno, Minerva and Mars, as well as numerous Greek and eastern deities worshipped in thousands of temples, shrines and sanctuaries throughout the empire. Polytheists had no common name or label to describe themselves. The other great religious tradition in the empire was Judaism. But Judaism was not a monolith either, and there was a great deal of diversity within the Jewish communities of late antiquity. Thus, the Christianization of the empire in the fourth and fifth centuries was a gradual and complex process. Polytheism did not disappear overnight, especially in the western provinces, where the Christian bishops waged a running battle against beliefs and practices they condemned more than the Christian laity did. The boundaries between religious communities were much more fluid in the fourth century than they would become thanks to the repeated efforts of religious leaders, the powerful bishops who now led the Church, to rein in their followers and enforce a more rigid set of beliefs and practices.
Questions:

1. What do you mean by Judaism?
2. What did the Christian bishops do?
3. Enlist the names of Roman gods who were worshipped in temples and shrines throughout the empire.

How was the reign of Augustus by 27 BC? Discuss.

Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow:The Discovery of Australopithecus, Olduvai Gorge, 17 July, 1759.
The Olduvai Gorge was first ‘discovered in the early twentieth century by a German butterfly collector. However, Olduvai has come to be identified with Mary and Louis Leakey, who worked here for over 40 years. It was Mary Leakey who directed archaeological excavations at Olduvai and Laetoli and she made some of the most exciting discoveries. This is what Louis Leakey wrote about one of their most remarkable finds. That morning I woke with a headache and a slight fever. Reluctantly, I agreed to spend the day in camp. With one of us out of commission, it was even more vital for the other to continue the work, for our precarious seven-week season was running out. So Mary departed for the diggings with Sally and Toots (two of their dogs) in the Land-Rover (a jeep-like vehicle), and I settled back to a restless day off. Sometime later-perhaps I dozed off-I heard the Land-Rover coming up fast to camp. I had a momentary vision of Mary stung by one of our hundreds of resident scorpions or bitten by a snake that had slipped past the dogs. The Land-Rover rattled to a stop, and I heard Mary's voice calling over and over: “I've got him! I've got him! I've got him!" Still groggy from the headache, I couldn't make her out. “Got what? Are you hurt?" I asked. “Him, the man! Our man,” Mary said. “The one we've been looking for 23 years. Come quick, I've found his teeth!" Questions:

1. Where were the fossils of Australopithecus discovered? Who discovered it.
2. When did they (Australopithecus) originate and become extinct.
3. Describe any three features of Australopithecus.

Write the contributions of Leonardo-da-Vinci.

Knights became a distinct group under medieval European society. Why?

Did Deng raise Chinese people's expectations?

Why did the rich people donate their money to churches?

What had been the strategy of Spanish to capture market for olive oil?

How had the Roman survived their lives during famine?

How did the Qing dynasty try and meet the challenge posed by the Western powers?