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$(i)$ Each step or rank in hierarchy is called taxonomic category.
$(ii)$ Species is a group of individual organisms with fundamental similarities capable of breeding among themselves.
$(iii)$ Taxonomic studies of all unknown organisms have led to the development of common categories like kingdom, phylum or division, class, order, family, genus and species.
$(iv)$ Lower the category, greater is the difficulty of determining the relationship to other taxa at the same level.
$A$. Tropical latitudes have remained relatively undisturbed for millions of years, hence more time was available for species diversification.
$B$. Tropical environments are more seasonal.
$C$. More solar energy is available in tropics.
$D$. Constant environments promote niche specialization.
$E$. Tropical environments are constant and predictable.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
Assertion $A$: A flower is defined as modified shoot wherein the shoot apical meristem changes to floral meristem.
Reason $R$: Internode of the shoot gets condensed to produce different floral appendages laterally at successive node instead of leaves.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below :