Phase space diagrams are useful tools in analyzing all kinds of dynamical problems. They are especially useful in studying the changes in motion as initial position and momentum are changed. Here we consider some simple dynamical systems in one-dimension. For such systems, phase space is a plane in which position is plotted along horizontal axis and momentum is plotted along vertical axis. The phase space diagram is $x(t)$ vs. $p(t)$ curve in this plane. The arrow on the curve indicates the time flow. For example, the phase space diagram for a particle moving with constant velocity is a straight line as shown in the figure. We use the sign convention in which position or momentum upwards (or to right) is positive and downwards (or to left) is negative. $Image$
$1.$ The phase space diagram for a ball thrown vertically up from ground is
mcq $Image$
$2.$ The phase space diagram for simple harmonic motion is a circle centered at the origin. In the figure, the two circles represent the same oscillator but for different initial conditions, and $E_1$ and $E_2$ are the total mechanical energies respectively. Then $Image$
$(A)$ $ E_1=\sqrt{2} E_2$ $(B)$ $ E_1=2 E_2$
$(C)$ $ E_1=4 E_2$ $(D)$ $ E_1=16 E_2$
$3.$ Consider the spring-mass system, with the mass submerged in water, as shown in the figure. The phase space diagram for one cycle of this system is $Image$
mcq $Image$
Give the answer question $1,2$ and $3.$
IIT 2011, Advanced
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$2.$ From diagram, Amplitude of oscillator $1=2 \times$ (Amplitude of oscillator $2$ )
$\Rightarrow E _1=4 E _2$
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