$A$. Substrate enzyme complex formation.
$B$ Free enzyme ready to bind with another substrate.
$C$. Release of products.
$D$. Chemical bonds of the substrate broken.
$E$. Substrate binding to active site.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
The catalytic cycle of an enzyme action can be described in the following steps.
($1$) The binding of the substrate induces the enzyme to alter its shape, fitting more tightly around the substrate.
($2$) The active site of the enzyme, now in close proximity of the substrate breaks the chemical bonds of the substrate and the new enzyme-product complex is formed.
($3$) The enzyme releases the products of the reaction and the free enzyme is ready to bind to another molecule of the substrate and run through the catalytic cycle once again.
($4$) First, the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme, fitting into the active site.
Options ($1$), ($2$) and ($3$) are incorrect as the steps mentioned are in the wrong sequence.
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$I.$ Occurs between $G_{1}$ and $G_{2}$
$II.$ $DNA$ replication begins in the nucleus
$III.$ Centrioles duplicate in the cytoplasm
$IV.$ As $DNA$ is doubled, number of chromosomes also doubles
The option with correct statements is
$R$ : Fibres are absent in secondary phloem.
$I. X-ray$ film
$II.$ Electrophoresis
$III.$ Digestion with restriction enzyme
$IV.$ Ethidium bromide
$V.$ Radioactive probe
Choose the option having correct sequential order of these events
| Column – I | Column $- II$ |
| $(1)$ Study of disease | $(p)$ Transgenic mice |
| $(2)$ Biological products | $(q)$ Testing toxicity of drug |
| $(3)$ Vaccine safety | $(r)$ Rheumatoid arthritis |
| $(4)$ Chemical safety | $(s)\; \alpha - 1$ Antitrypsin |