What are significant figures? State rules to determine it. - Vidyadip

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What are significant figures? State rules to determine it.

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Describe two important uses of each of the following:

Caustic soda.
Sodium carbonate.
Quicklime.

The solubility product of $Fe ( OH )_3$ is $1 \times 10^{-36}$. What is the minimum concentration of $OH ^{-}$ions required to precipitate $Fe ( OH )_3$ from a 0.001 M solution of $FeCl _3$ ?

Determine the degree of ionization and pH of a 0.05 M of ammonia solution. The ionization constant of ammonia can be taken from table given below.

Base	$K _{ b }$
Dimethylamine, $\left( CH _3\right)_2 NH$	$5.4 \times 10^{-4}$
Triethylamine, $\left( C _2 H _5\right)_3 N$	$6.45 \times 10^{-5}$
Ammonia, $NH _3$ or $NH _4 OH$	$1.77 \times 10^{-5}$
Quinine, (A plant product)	$1.10 \times 10^{-6}$
Pyridine, $C _5 H _5 N$	$1.77 \times 10^{-9}$
Aniline, $C _6 H _5 NH _2$	$4.27 \times 10^{-10}$
Urea, $CO \left( NH _2\right)_2$	$1.3 \times 10^{-14}$

Also, calculate the ionization constant of the conjugate acid of ammonia.

Discuss the trend of the following:
Thermal stability of carbonates of Group 2 elements.

The ionization constant of phenol is $1.0 \times 10^{–10}$. What is the concentration of phenolate ion in $0.05M$ solution of phenol? What will be its degree of ionization if the solution is also $0.01M$ in sodium phenolate?

Four moles of $\mathrm{PCl}_5$ are heated in a closed $4 \mathrm{dm}^3(\mathrm{~L})$ container to reach equilibrium at 400 K . At equilibrium $50 \%$ of $\mathrm{PCl}_5$ is dissociated. What is the value of $\mathrm{K}_{\mathrm{c}}$ for the dissociation of $\mathrm{PCl}_5$ into $\mathrm{PCl}_3$ and $\mathrm{Cl}_2$ at 400 K .

Explain why cation are smaller and anions larger in radii than their parent atoms?

Explain the significance of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium in biological fluids.

i. An athlete is given 100 g of glucose of energy equivalent to 1560 kJ . He utilises $50 \%$ of this gained energy in the event. In order to avoid storage of energy in the body, calculate the weight of water that would need to perspire. The enthalpy of vaporisation of water is $44 kJ mol ^{-1}$.
ii. Compound with carbon-carbon double bond, such as ethylene, $C _2 H _4$, add hydrogen in a reaction called hydrogenation, $C _2 H _4(g)+ H _2(g) \rightarrow C _2 H _6(g)$
Calculate enthalpy change for the reaction, using the following combustion data,

$\text{C}_2\text{H}_4(\text{g})+3\text{O}_2(\text{g})\overrightarrow{\ \ \ \ \ }\ 2\text{CO}_2(\text{g})+2\text{H}_2\text{O(l)};$ $\Delta_\text{c}\text{H}^\circ=-1401\text{kJ mol}^{-1}\dots(\text{i})$

$\text{C}_2\text{H}_6(\text{g})+\frac{7}{2}\text{O}_2(\text{g})\overrightarrow{ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ }\ 2\text{CO}_2(\text{g})+3\text{H}_2\text{O(l)}$ $\Delta_\text{c}\text{H}^\circ=-1550\text{kJ mol}^{-1}\dots(\text{ii})$

$\text{H}_2(\text{g})+\frac{1}{2}\text{O}_2(\text{g})\overrightarrow{ \ \ \ \ }\ \text{H}_2\text{O(l)};$ $\Delta_\text{c}\text{H}^\circ=-286.0\text{kJ mol}^{-1}\dots(\text{iii})$

Explain why cation are smaller and anions larger in radii than their parent atoms?