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Human Health and Diseases — BIOLOGY STD 12 Science — Question

Bihar BoardEnglish MediumSTD 12 ScienceBIOLOGYHuman Health and Diseases5 Marks
Question
What is malaria ? Write down reason, symptoms, prevention and treatment.###Write about the malaria fever, its causes, symp-toms, control and prevention.###Name the different species of plasmodium which species is responsible for malignant malaria?
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Answer

Malaria : Malarial fever is oldest and one of the most dreadful disease faced by mankind. It spreads like an epidemic and over two million people die of malaria every year in the world.
It is caused by different species of a protozoans parasite Plasmodium. Of these the dreadful malaria also called malignant malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum which can be fatal as it may cause even death. The malarial parasite enters the human body by bite of female Anapheles mosquito hence this mosquito act as a vector for this disease.
Symptoms :
1. High fever (upto $105^{\circ}-106^{\circ} F$) associated with Shaking chill.
2. Severe headache and nausea.
3. Increase in pulse and respiration rate.
4. Recurring of fever every 2nd or 3rd day.
5. Profuse sweating and aneamia
The infected stage of parasite is a minute, sickle shaped sporozoite which is injected into the blood of a healthy person by bite of infected female Anopheles mosquito. The parasite damages liver cells and ruptures R.B.Cs (erythrocytes) causing chill. The disease causes extreme weakness and anaemia.
Diagnosis : For diagnosis of the diseases a blood smear of the patient is made during chill and fever and observed under microscope for presence of malarial parasite (Plasmodium).
Control : The disease can be controlled by checking growth of mosquitoes and destroying their breeding sites Following control measures prove to be very effective :
1. The ditches, ponds and pools near human settlements be filled with earth to prevent breeding of mosquitoes.
2. Spray kerosene oil or petrol or some insecticide to kill the larvae and pupae of mosquitoes in ponds.
3. If the water of ponds is to be used to for drinking and other domestic purposes, larvicidal fish, ducks may be introduced in the pond.
4. Adequate fogging of suitable insecticide may be done around human habitats by municipal corporations and other such sanitary monitoring agencies.
5. Drains should be properly covered with suitable lids or if possible underground drainage system must be installed to eliminate breeding grounds of mosquitoes.
Treatment : Effective drugs for treatment of malaria are quinine (obtained from bark of Cincona tree), mepacrine, chloroquine and daraprim. Recently SPF66 vaccine has been prepared by genetic engineering.

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