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EMERGING ISSUES IN INDIAN ECONOMY — Economics STD 12 Commerce — Question

Gujarat BoardEnglish MediumSTD 12 CommerceEconomicsEMERGING ISSUES IN INDIAN ECONOMY5 Marks
Question
What is meant by Migration? Explain its types.
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Answer

$1.$ Meaning of Migration:
  • In simple terms migration means to shift from one place to another and reside there. Migration can be national or international.
  • After $1991,$ owing to new economic reforms in economy, migration in the country is very fast.
  • The meaning of migration is different in Economics.
  • As per the scriptural definition of migration "Migration refers to movement of a person from one place to another away from native place, either within or outside the country for job, occupation, business or in search of better standard of living, on a permanent basis."
  • $TWO$ points are considered in migration.
$(1)$ Migration is either in the country for long period e.g. it is not migration when a person moves to a distant place for $2$ to $3$ months in a year to earn livelihood and for that period he stays there.
$(2)$ The objective of migration is to obtain service, occupation or business or better standard of living.
$2.$ Types of Migration:
  • It is necessary to know the types of migration to have clear idea of migration.
  • There are two types of migration.
$(A)$ Place Based Migration
$(B)$ Reason Based Migration.
  • Place based migration can be explained into two sub-divisions.
$(i)$ Internal Migration $(ii)$ International Migration.
  • In the same way caused based migration too can be sub divided into two divisions.
$(i)$ Migration due to attraction. $(ii)$ Migration due to compulsion.
$[A]$ Place based migration:
  • When a person settles at distant place from family for long time or permanently, it is called place-based migration.
  • Place-based migration is divided into two divisions according to geographical boundaries of a country.
$(i)$ Internal Migration :
  • Migration of a person within the boundary of the country, is called internal migration in which a person moves from one place of another e.g. a person or family settles from Gujarat to do business in Maharashtra or in any part of the country or state is called internal migration.
  • In the same way a person from another state comes to Gujarat for business and settles permanently is also called internal migration.
  • These types of migration are easy because migration is carried out within the boundary of the single country.
  • No permission of government is required.
$(ii)$ International Migration :
  • Movement of a person or family from one country to another country is known as international migration.
  • E.g. When a person or a family moves from Gujarat to any other countries like America, Canada, Australia or any country of the world in search of job, occupation, business or for better standard of living for permanent settlement is known as international migration. In the same way any person or family of the world comes to Gujarat or any state of India and settles is called international migration Government's permission is inevitable.
$[B]$ Reason Based Migration:
  • There are two types of reason related migration :
  • $(i)$ Migration due to attraction $(ii)$ Migration due to compulsion.
$(i)$ Migration due to attraction:
  • When people from rural area are attracted to the life style of urban people, ultra modern transportation, communication, calculation, modern health facilities, and infrastructural facilities, and facilities of entertainment and migrate to the cities and settle there is 'pull' migration.
  • In urban areas there are more opportunities of employment and business.
  • Therefore many people have attraction for urban dwelling and settle in cities.
  • It is known as attraction migration.
  • Generally rich class of Village migrates to the cities and feels more dignified social status by settling in the city area.
  • In urban area more facilities of higher education is availed and after having been highly educated for higher income more avenues of professions are available in urban area.
  • In the same way people migrate from India to foreign countries as they have attraction for more comfortable life, more opportunities for earning higher income and settle in foreign countries.
  • E.g. many people have migrated from India legally or illegally to $U.S.A.,$ Australia, Canada, England etc.
$(ii)$ Migration by compulsion :
  • People living in the villages have limited income and wealth and lack of opportunities of occupation, business and employment and they have no option to economic activity and there is lack of sufficient education.
  • Therefore they are compelled to migrate to the cities and settle there.
  • They are forcibly pushed to cities.
  • This class is illiterate, unskilled and untrained therefore they struggle for their livelihood even in the cities and spend their life in slum with no quality of life.
  • On the basis of the above discussion conclusion is that pull migration is carried out by the elite class of rural area as they are attracted by the facilities and social status of city.
  • While push migration, that is migration by compulsion is carried out by weaker section of society because there is no option to economic activity in the villages and forcibly they have to run towards Cities and settle there.

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