Question
Write a short note: the problem of pervasiveness

Answer

  • Vyapti means universal statement representing Vyapti.
  • The universal statement is established on the basis of observation of some real facts in the scope. This is called 'pervasive generalization'.
  • When we go from 'little' to 'all', from 'some' to 'all', from 'known' to 'unknown', from 'special' to 'general', we make a logical leap or intellectual adventure.
  • The logical leap into pervasive generalization is immeasurable.
  • In Western logic, a logical leap is called an "inductive leap".
  • That conclusion must prove to be true when we deduce a universal generalization of all on the basis of observation of certain facts.
  • Sometimes a result statement based on observation of certain facts is considered to be a 'problem of induction' when it is proved to be untrue.
  • For example, if we find some bald men to be rich, we generalize that "all bald men are rich" based on the observation of this particular fact. In order to deduce this universal statement, we have to pay a wide range of benefits.
  • But if we find the opposite evidence in a statement derived in this way, that is, when a bald man finds us poor, then our generalization or scope is untrue.
  • Thus, the problem of pervasiveness is how to move reliably towards ‘all’ based on the observation of certain facts so that the presented universalization or universal general statement is proved to be true.
  • Judges have presented a solution to this problem centuries ago.
  • Judging by the steps taken by the jurists to uphold the scope, it seems that the jurists have made valuable contribution in the field of logic in solving the problem of pervasiveness by clarifying its form.
  • The jurists have analyzed the method of supporting the scope in the following four steps: $(1)$ Construction method, $(2)$ On the contrary method, $(3)$ Adultery method and $(4)$ General symptom perception.

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