Information Technology 4 Marks Quetions

The network topology refers to the arrangement or pattern of computers, which are interconnected in a network. Commonly used network topologies are as follows:
Bus Topology:
It is a type of network in which the computers and the peripheral devices are connected to a common single-length data line All the computers or devices are directly connected to the data line. The data is transmitted in small blocks known as packets.
Ring or Circular Topology:
In this type of topology, each node is connected to two neighboring nodes. the data transferred direction only from one node to another node around the ring. After passing through each node the data returns to the sensing node.
Star Topology:
In this topology, there persists a central node called a server or hub, which is connected to the nodes directly. If a node has to take information from another ncce then the data is taken from that node through the central node or server.
Mesh Topology:
In this topology, each node is connected to more than one node, so that it provides an alternative route, in case, the host is either down or busy. It is also called a completely interconnected network. We can also call it an extension to the P2P network.
Tree Topology:
It is an extension and variation of bus topology. Its basic structure is like an inverted tree, where the root acts as a server. In tree topology, the node is interlinked in the form of a tree. If one node fails, then the node following that node gets detached from the main tree topology.

A database consists of several components. Each component plays an important role in the database system environment. The major components of the database are as follows:

• Data: It is raw numbers, characters, or facts represented by value. Most organizations generate, store, and process large amounts of data. The data acts as a bridge between the hardware and the software. Data may be of different types such as User Data, Metadata, and Application Metadata.
• Software: It is a set of programs that lies between the stored data and the users of the database. It is used to control and manage the overall computerised database. It uses different types of software such as MySQL, Oracle, etc.
• Hardware: It is the physical aspect of the computer, telecommunication, and database, which consists of the secondary storage devices such as magnetic disks, optical discs, etc., on which data is stored.
• Users: Several users can access or retrieve the data on demand using the application and the interfaces provided by DBMS.

(a) SELECT * FROM Class WHERE Subject=‘Non-medical1;
(b) SELECT Name FROM Class WHERE Grade=‘A’ ORDER BY Stipend;
(c) SELECT * FROM Class ORDER BY Name:
(d) SELECT * FROM CLASS WHERE GRADE = ‘B’ OR GRADE = ‘C’:

(i) Goal seek: It refers to the act of determining your input value based on a previously determined output value. The method entails the use of a certain operator in a formula that may be calculated with computer software, eg. Set Cell This specifies the cell whose value will be changed to the desired value after the Goal seek operation is completed.
(ii) Scenario: Scenarios are a tool to text “What-if” questions. Each scenario is given a unique name which can be changed and presented independently. Only the content of the currently active scenario is printed when printing the spreadsheet. It is a set of saved values that we may use in four calculations and using the Navigator or a drop-down list displayed beside the changing cells, we may simply switch between these sets.