Social Studies SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS(3 Mark)

A. The unorganized sector consists of small and scattered units which are largely outside
the control of the government.
B. These units are owned by private individuals. Their aim is to maximize profit. The
wages are very low and there is no provision for overtime, paid leave etc. Here workers
have to face social discrimination also besides getting irregular and insecure
employment.
C. But they continue to do work in this sector because they do not have a better option.

In case of developed countries, the evolution of the economy happened in the most logical
pattern. Growth in the primary sector was followed by a growth in the secondary sector.
After that, the growth of the tertiary sector followed. The employment generation also kept
pace with related changes in different sectors.
The case of India is somewhat different. Both the Secondary and Tertiary sectors are
increasing at the expense of the Primary sector, but the increase in Tertiary sector is more.
The growth of the primary sector was not followed by the growth of the secondary sector,
rather it was the tertiary sector which took the lead. But employment generation in either
the secondary or tertiary sector could not keep pace. For India, to become a strong
industrialised nation, the Secondary sector should have increased more but this is not
happening due to a variety of reasons.

a. Judiciary with the supreme court at the apex is the sole interpreter of the Indian
Constitution.
b. Independent judiciary is the essence of the federal government. Here, courts have the
power to interpret the constitution and the powers of the different levels of government.
c. Judiciary administers both the union and state laws which are applicable to the cases
coming up for adjudication.
d. The disputes about the division of powers are settled by the Judiciary. In India, the
highest court—the Supreme Court—acts as an umpire if a dispute arises between the
different levels of government in the exercise of their respective powers.
Hence, the judiciary is considered as the guardian of the Indian federalism.

The given statement is justified because
a. Industrialization causes growth in available factory jobs. Thus, people from various places migrate towards the places where industries are located.
b. Movement of people towards cities for jobs gradually develop cities into urban centres. Sometimes industries are located in or near cities.
c. Cities provide not only markets for the industries but services such as banking.
insurance, transport, labour and financial advice, etc also.
Thus, we can say that industrialization and urbanization go hand in hand.

The following three steps can be taken to minimize environmental degradation by the industries:
a. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
b. Fitting smokestacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators.
c. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in the factories.

Print popularized the ideas of the enlightenment thinkers in the following ways:
a. Collectively the writings of thinkers provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition, and despotism.
b. Scholars and thinkers argued for the rule of reason rather than custom and demanded that everything should be judged through the application of reason and rationality.
c. They attacked the sacred authority of the church and the despotic power of the state thus eroding the legitimacy of a social order based on tradition.
d. Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. All values, norms, and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a public that had become aware of the power of reason and recognised the need to question existing ideas and beliefs.
e. The writings of Voltaire and Rousseau were read widely and those who read these books saw the world through new eyes, eyes that were questioning critical and rational.