History Question(1 Marks)

The regime established by Augustus, the first Emperor, in 27 BCE was called the 'Principate'.

Olympiodorus was a writer, an historian and an ambassador in the early fifth century.

If I were the Roman emperor, I would have raised the level of production of edible foods and made arrangement to keep additional production for maintaining famine situation.

Coptic was spoken in Egypt, Punic and Berber in North Africa, Celtic in Spain and the north-west.

As a Roman housewife, my shopping list for household would include wine, wheat, barley, beans and lentils and frankincense.

Augustine was the great Catholic bishop who spent most of his life in North Africa.

The great urban centres that linked the shores of the Mediterranean (Carthage, Alexandria, Antioch, the biggest among them) were the true foundation of the imperial system in the Roman empire. It was through the cities that government was able to tax the provincial countryside which generated much of the wealth of the empire.

Byzantium was the creation of a second capital at Constantinople. It is at the site of modern Istanbul in Turkey which is surrounded on three sides by the sea.

The Parthians and later the Sasanians ruled Iran in the third century.

Liquids like wine and olive oil transported in containers were called 'Amphorae'.

Augustus was the sole ruler and the only real source of authority. The fiction was that he was only the 'leading citizen' not the absolute ruler.

Villages were in the territory of city. Villages could be upgraded to the status of cities. The city lives was more beneficial than villages for better facilities during food shortages and even famines than the countryside.

The Roman empire had numerous territories and a variety of cultures that were chiefly bound together by a common system of government. Many languages were spoken in the empire. All those who lived in the empire were subjects of a single ruler, the emperor, regardless of where they lived and what language they spoke.

The Romans had a paid professional army where soldiers had to put in a minimum of 25 years of service.

Slaves were included in the family in Roman society.

Tiberius was the second in the long line of Roman Emperors. His span of rule remained from 14 CE to 37 CE. He was the adopted son of Augustus.

The prosperity of individual regions rose and fell depending on how effectively they could organize the production and transport of particular goods, and on the quality of those goods.

The 'Late Roman bureaucracy' for both the higher and the middle echelons was a comparatively affluent group because it drew the bulk of its salary in gold and invested much of this in buying up of landed property. There was, of course, a great deal of corruption, especially in the judicial system and in the administration of military supplies. The extortion of the higher bureaucracy and the greed of the provincial governors were common.

Frankincense is the European name for an aromatic resin used in incense and perfumes. It is tapped from Boswellia trees by slashing the bark and allowing the exuded resins to harden. The best quality of it came from the Arabian peninsula.

Frankincense is the European name for an aromatic resin used in incense and perfumes.

The Emperor Gallienus (253-68) consolidated their rise to power by excluding senators from military command and reorganized the army.

Sicily and Byzacium exported large quantities of wheat to Rome.

The two powerful empires that ruled over most of Europe were Rome and Iran.

Civil war refers to armed struggles for power within the same country.

The Roman Empire covered most of Europe and a large part of the fertile crescent and North Africa.

Textual sources include histories of the period written by contemporaries. These were usually called 'Annals.

Silver and gold based currencies were used in the monetary system of the first three centuries in Rome.

The Spanish olive oil of the middle of the third century was mainly carried in a container that was called 'Dressel 20.

The Emperors were judged by how they behaved towards the Senate.

The 'Augustan age' meant the reign by Augustus from 27 BCE to 14 CE. His reign is remembered for peace.

The Roman Empire can broadly be divided into two phases, i.e. Early Empire and Late Empire.

The Emperor Anastasius built the eastern frontier city of Dara in less than three weeks by attracting labour from all over the East by offering high wages in the late-fifth century.

In Roman society there was nuclear form of family.

The great urban centres that lined the shores of the Mediterranean were Carthage, Alexandria and Antioch.

Many languages were spoken in the empire. But for the purpose of administration Latin and Greek were the most widely used languages. The upper classes of the east spoke and wrote in Greek, those of the west in Latin, and the boundary between these broad language areas ran somewhere across the middle of the Mediterranean, between the African provinces of Tripolitania (which was Latin speaking) and Cyrenaica (Greek speaking).

The traditional religious culture of the classical world for both Greek and Roman had been Polytheism.

Iran controlled the whole area including south of the Caspian Sea down to eastern Arabia and sometimes large parts of Afghanistan also.

For the purpose of administration, Latin and Greek were the most widely used languages.

The 'Papyrus' was a reed-like plant that grew along the bank of the river Nile in Egypt and was processed to produce a writing material that is paper.

The emperor, the aristocracy and the army were the three main players in the political history of the empire.

The third century of the Roman empire was also called the 'Early empire'.

The army was the largest single organized body of around 60,000 forces by the fourth century and it certainly had the power to determine the fate of emperors in Roman empire.

The upper classes of the east spoke and wrote in Greek, those of the west in Latin.

Coptic was used for translation of the Bible by the middle of the third century.

Father had substantial legal control over their children.

In the Roman empire there was an urban centre with its own magistrates, city council and a 'territory' containing villages which were under its jurisdiction.

It is certain that rate of literacy was casual and varied greatly between different parts of the empire. Literacy was widespread among certain categories such as soldiers, army officers and estate managers.

The worst emperors were those who were hostile to the senatorial class, behaving with suspicion, or brutality and violence. Many senators desired to go back to the days of the Republic, but most of them realised that this resulted into revolts, if the soldiers felt let down by their generals or even the emperor.

Documentary sources include mainly inscriptions and papyrus.