Psychology 1 Marks Question

According to “David Elkin" two components of adolescents' egocentrism are:

1. Imaginary audience.
2. Personal fable.

1. The actual genetic material or a person's genetic heritage is known as genotype.
2. Not all of this genetic material is apparent or distinctly identifiable in our observable characteristics

Phenotype is the manifestation of genotype. These are observable features by which individuals are recognize.Phenotype have two features:

1. Physical characteristics such as height, weight, eye and skin colour.
2. Many of the psychological characteristics such as intelligence, creativity and personality.

A close interactive relationship with warm and affectionate adults is a child's important step towards healthy development.

1. It is the close emotional bond of affection that develops between infants and their parents.
2. Attachment behaviour means a close, warm and satisfying relationship of the baby with the mother or mother substitute.

It is believed that some cognitive abilities decline with age while others do not. e.g. a middle aged person can remember the telephone number immediately after he has heard it but may not remember it so efficiently after a few days. Although individual differences exist in intelligence at every age.

There are two features of proportional thought:

1. Egocentrism (self-focus) i.e. children see the world only in terms of their own selves and are not able to appreciate other's point of view.
2. Centration i.e. focusing on a single characteristic of feature for understanding an event.

There are two factors which affect our development during different periods of parental stage.

1. Genetic factors.
2. Environmental factors.

Identity confusion refers to Erikson's psycho-social development stage in which adolescents are faced with conflicts as who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life. Resolution to these leads to identity formation.

A gender role is a set of expectations that prescribes how females and males should think, act and feel also.
e.g. Parents often use rewards and punishment to teach their daughters to be feminine and boys to be masculine.

Cognitive developmental changes of adolescents are following:

1. Their thoughts become more abstract, logical and idealistic also.
2. They become more capable of examining their own thoughts, other's thoughts and what others are thinking about them.

Child's moral development is learning to differentiate between the rightness or wrongness of human acts.

1. The way children come to distinguish right from wrong.
2. To feel guilty.
3. To put themselves in other people's position.
4. To help others when they are in trouble.
5. These all are components of moral development.

The newborn is not as helpless as we might think:

1. The activities needed to sustain life functions are present in the newborn-it breaths, sucks, swallows and discharges the bodily wastes.
2. Newborns in their first week of life are able to indicate what direction a sound is coming from, can distinguish their mother's voice from the voice of other women, and can imitate simple gesture like tongue protrusion and mouth opening.

Gross motor skills during the early childhood years involve:

1. Use of arms and legs.
2. Moving around with confidence and more purposefully in the environment.
3. Finger dexterity and eye-hand coordination.
4. Child's preference for left or right hand also develops.

The important dimensions of children's socio-economic development are:

1. Self.
2. Gender.
3. Moral.

Following are the changes which occur in childhood:

1. The child develops physically, gains weight and height, learns to walk, runs, jumps and plays with a ball.
2. Children have increased physical capacities, can perform task independently, can set goals, and meet adult expectations.

Adolescents thinking becomes more systematic in solving problems-they think of possible courses of action; why something happening the way it is and systematically seek solutions. Piaget called this type of logical thinking-hypothetic of deductive reasoning.

There are two type of eating disorders.They are following:

1. Anorexia Narvosa: It is an eating disorder that involves relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.
2. Bulimia: It is another form of an eating disorder in which the individual follows a binge-and purge eating pattern.

Some reflexes present in the newborn:

1. Papillary reflexes.
2. Reflexes of the lips and tongue.
3. Sucking.
4. Flexion.
5. Knee jerk.
6. Sneezing.

1. Identity is who you are and what your values, commitments and belief are.
2. The primary task of adolescence is to establish an identity separate from the parents.

Reflexes are genetically carried survival mechanisms and are the building blocks for the subsequent motor development.

1. Reflexes are automatic built in responses to the stimuli.
2. Reflexes act as adaptive mechanisms.

The term adolescence comes from the latin word adolescere meaning "to grow" or to grow to maturity.
Adolescence is defined as the stage of life that begins at the onset of puberty, when sexual maturity or the ability to reproduce is attained.

Children because of ego centrism, engage in animism:

1. Thinking that all things are living like oneself.
2. They attribute life-like qualities to inanimate objects.

1. Adolescents are often confronted with decision regarding smoking, drugs, alcohol and breaking parental rules etc.
2. They may face periods of uncertainty, loneliness, self-doubt, anxiety and concern about themselves and their future.

The full form of UNDCP is the United Nations International Drug Control Programme.

The formation of identity during adolescence is influenced by several factors:

1. The cultural background.
2. Family.
3. Socio-economic status.

All prevail upon the adolescents' search for a place in society.

1. Each stage is characterized by a distinct way of thinking and is age-related.
2. It is the different way of thinking which makes one stage more advanced than the other and not the amount of information.
3. Quality and quantity of experiences of an adult due to social interaction is far more mature then an eight year old child which makes their behaviour different.

The principles of heredity explain the mechanism for transmission of characteristics by every species from one generation to the next. We inherit genetic codes from our parents, which are in every cell of our body.

Object permanence is the awareness that the objects continues to exist when not perceived. Gradually by eight months of age the child starts pursuing the object partially covered in his/ her presence.

1. Prenatal development is affected by maternal characteristics which include mother's age, nutrition and emotional state.
2. Disease or infection carried by mother can adversely affect prenatal development.