Psychology 1 Marks Question

Memory refers to retaining and recalling information over a period of time, depending upon the nature of cognitive task you are required to perform.

False, memory is an interesting phenomenon. It can be induced by powerful imagination of events that did not take place at all.

Episodic memory holds information, we acquired at a specific time and place.It includes following things:

1. It is the kind of memory that allows you to go back in time and to remember specific thoughts or experiences we had in the past.
2. This is the kind of memory in which participants are presented with lists of words, numbers and later are tested for memory of this information.

• Information which has been encoded and stored in the form of images leads to the development of mental models.
• Mental models, refer to our belief about the manner in which our environment is structure and such believes are formed with the help of concrete images as well as verbal description
• It involves following things:

1. There are many routine task which require mental models. e.g. following a road direction or assembling bicycle.
2. They refer to our belief about the manner in which our environment is structured.

Organization refers to imposing certain order on the material we want to remember.

A category itself is a concept but it also functions to organize similarities among other concepts based on common features.
e.g. the word mango is a category because different varieties of mangoes can be included within it and it is also a concept within the category of fruit.

Fugue state is the amnesia accompanied by actual physical flight the person may wander away for several hours or move to another area and establish a new life.

The first systematic attempt to understand the nature of forgetting was made by HERMANN EBBINGHAUS, who memorized a list of nonsense syllables and then measured the number of trials he took to relearn the same list at varying time intervals.

TULVING has proposed another classification and has suggested that declarative memory can either be of two types:

1. Episodic memory.
2. Semantic nemory.

It is a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli: If attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

Cognitive economy means maximum and efficient use of the capacity of long term memory with minimum effort.

Bartlett used the method of serial reproduction in which the participants of his experiments recalled the memory materials repeatedly at varying time intervals.

The knowledge in long term memory is organized hierarchically and assumes a network structure. Elements of this structure are called the nodes. Nodes are concepts.

Dual coding hypothesis was originally proposed by “Paivio”.

Semantic memory holds information of more general nature.It includes following things:

1. Information we do not remember acquired at a specific time or place.
2. Such memory includes the meaning of words, the properties of objects, typical events in everyday life.

Schemas are mental frameworks which represent our knowledge and assumptions about the world.
e.g. think of a schema of a drawing room. It will have different objects/ things, like a sofa set, center table, paintings etc. which are found in a drawing room.

Long-term memory is not unitary as short term memory because it contains a wide variety of information. According to contemporary formulations long term memory consist of various types of informations such as declarative and procedural.

The unit of representation of knowledge in long term memory is a concept. Concepts are mental categories for objects and events which are similar to each other in one or more than one way.

A memory system that holds information we are processing at that moment is called as working memory (formerly called short term memory). Recent findings suggest that working memory involves more complex levels and forms of processing than was previously believed.

Connection between nodes are labeled relationships, which indicate category membership or concept attributes.

Sorne experiments show that the STM and LTM are indeed two separate memory stores while other evidences have. e.g. earlier it was shown that in the STM information is encoded acoustically while in LTM it is encoded semantically, but later evidences show that information can also be encoded semantically in STM and acoustically in LTM.