Social Science 2 Marks Each

Corruption generates black money. It increases the purchasing power of corrupt people. They spend lavishly on luxury goods. Thereby the supply of money increases. The corrupt lend their funds to the traders who create artificial shortage of essential commodities. The corrupt indulge in speculative trading activities. All these activities create imbalance between demand and supply in the market and contribute to price rise.

Despite legal provisions, children are employed in hazardous environments such as manufacture of fire crakers kiln.

They are employed in factories and at construction sites. They are employed in shops, hotels, dhabas and tea-stalls. They are employed in agricultural sector, animal husbandry and fishery, and to pick-up plastic and debris, pulling carts and in garages. They are employed as domestic helpers and in distribution of newspapers, etc.

The Constitution of India has conferred the following Fundamental Rights on the citizens:

Right to Equality

Right to Freedom

Right Against Exploitation

Right to Freedom of Religion

Cultural and Educational Rights and

Right to Constitutional Remedies.

• The change that occurs over time in the social order of a society is called social change.
• Social change may take place due to cultural, religious, economic, scientific or technological factors.
• Owing to these factors India has witnessed social changes in social relations, family arrangement, marriage arrangement, culture, in life style of people, literature, art, music and dance, etc.
• Social change in India has also occurred due to westernization, globalization and urbanization.

• Children are made to work as labourers in various forms in different sectors.
• They are made to work as waiters, utensil washer, etc. in the tea stalls, restaurants, dhaabas hotels.
• They are also made to work in households as domestic helpers.
• Children are employed in factories, construction sites, in hazardous industries such as crack business or kiln.
• They also work as field labourers in agriculture sector, animal husbandry, fishery, etc.
• We can find children working in auto garage, cart-pulling, distributing newspaper, picking up plastic: or debris, begging, cleaning roads, etc.

Effects of corruption on economy and society:

• Corruption degrades the moral values and rules and regulations meant for the society.
• Problem of black money originates in economy. Black money is a major hindrance in the development of the country
• Trust of honest people on state laws, judicial process, government and administrative system decreases.
• Such people then experience frustration and disappointment.
• Injustice and disparity in income originates which results into class struggle. This results in violation of human rights.
• Due to corruption, morality and national character comes at risk.
• The economic system of the nation becomes weak.

• According to World Bank. "Corruption means the misuse of the public position for personal benefit
• From this definition we can say that corruption takes place when people misuse their status and power.
• In the act of corruption, people dishonestly persuade someone to act in one's favour by a gift of money or other offerings. This act of persuading for personal benefits by offering money, etc. is called bride.
• There are several forms of bribe and corruption. They can be the form of giving and taking money, gifts and presents in the form of costly ornaments or things or offering foreign trips, partial behaviour influencing decision, favouring relatives and friends, etc.
• In India, corruption widely exists in most of the public and also some private sectors.
• Both, the giver and the taker of bribe are a part of corruption and so both are guilty and should be punished.

• Corruption is widely spread in India at all levels.
• The corrupt government officials demand money from the agencies they deal with for each and every work they do.
• People have to pay their hard earned income as bribe to these officials for getting the work done. This increases the input costs as well as frustration of the bribe giver. He also loses the morale and motivation to honest in the country.
• The bribe giver then raises the prices of his products to be sold in the market to balance the bride money he paid.
• This way the vicious cycle goes on and the prices keep on rising due to corruption at various levels.

Changes in society are inevitable. Their impact is widespread and lasting.

• Changes occur due to social institutions. With the increase in education, public awareness and individual contacts increase and they help to bring positive changes in the people.
• Social change and development also take place due to urbanisation, cultural, political, ideological campaign and mass media.
• Social development takes place when people have scientific temper and they move away from narrow mindedness and false beliefs.

When a Child IS afflicted with physical or mental pain it is called child harassment.

• Both physical and mental pains create negative effect on the child.
• Some parents, teachers and elders afflict physical torture on the children by abusing, threatening, and beating. The problems of children are usually gender or emotion related.
• Sometimes children are sexually abused this gives rise to both physical and mental pain. Children are also neglected by families, schools and society leading to emotional pain.
• Sometimes fights between parents and family members can be torturous to children.