5 Marks Each

Question 15 Marks

Think and Write : In a student life, how can all fundamental duties be observed ?

Answer

In a student life, all the fundamental duties can be observed by:
$(1)$ Attending functions wherein the National flag is hoisted - $15th$ August and 26th January. Standing without moving whenever and wherever the National Anthem is sung.
$(2)$ By being ready to do service to the nation in every way. Following traffic rules and not littering on the roads are examples.
$(3)$ By not indulging in any antisocial activities.
$(4)$ By not discriminating among classmates on the basis of caste, religion, gender, etc. and by respecting all girl students.
$(5)$ By not defacing national monuments or spoiling public transport vehicles.
$(6)$ By planting trees wherever possible.
$(7)$ By asking relevant questions about new things.
$(8)$ By doing one's best in whichever field one chooses.
$(9)$ By vowing to be good parents when one grows up.

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Question 25 Marks

Write about any two Fundamental Rights.

Answer

There are six Fundamental Rights. Two of them are:
$(1)$ Right Equality : Equality to is a fundamental principle of democracy. By right to equality all citizens are equal before the law and enjoy equal protection from law. In India. every citizen has the right to equality without any discrimination on the basis of religion, race. sex/gender, caste, language, colour or place of birth. This right gives equal opportunity to every citizen according to his/her merit/competence in matters of government jobs, business, public employment. attainment of position. religious freedom, use of public place, social life, etc. If the state government makes special provisions for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Socially Backward Classes of the country, it will not be considered a violation of the right to equality. Seats are reserved for these classes in government jobs as well as in educational institutions. The Constitution has abolished untouchability, a stigma of Indian society. The practice of untouchability becomes a punishable offence. The titles that create artificial discrimination in society have been abolished.
$(2)$ Right to Freedom : The right to freedom is the soul of democracy. Democracy cannot be imagined without the right to freedom. Freedom is essential for the successful management of democracy. Right to freedom is essential for the expression and overall development of the personality of every citizen of the country. This right gives to Indian citizens the freedom to express their views (ideas) through speech and behaviour.
The right to freedom gives six freedoms to the citizens as : $1$. Freedom of thought speech and writing; $2$. Freedom of meeting and to the citizens peacefully without weapons; $3$. Freedom to establish congregations, institutions associations; $4$. Freedom to move and travel freely throughout the territory of India; $5$. Freedom for residing and settling in any part of the entire region of India and $6$. Freedom of doing any business, work, trade and employment.

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Question 35 Marks

Describe the main features of the Constitution.

Answer

The Constitution starts with the Preamble in which basic principles and aims of the administration of our country are mentioned, The preamble is a hallmark of the Constitution of India. The main features of the Constitution of India are as below:
$(1)$ Democracy : India has adopted democratic way of governance. Democracy is defined as the 'rule of the people, by the people and for the people. The rule, authorised and managed by the people is called democracy. In our country, the elections are usually held every five years. Voters of $18$ years or above age elect their representatives by secret ballot voting system. Any citizen of the country can be a candidate in election irrespective of any discrimination based on religion, caste, class and gender. Independence is important aspect of an democracy. In a democracy, every citizen has the freedom to speak, think, express and follow his religion as his wish.
$(2)$ Secularism : India is a secular country. Secularism means that the country is not run on the basis of ideology or beliefs of any sect or religion. No discrimination is made or practised on the basis of sect or community. The Constitution of India has provided assurance of certain sect or religion related to freedom to each citizen of India. On its basis, citizens have freedom to follow and propagate their religion and beliefs. No one can unnecessarily interfere with it. The Government of India remains impartial and neutral in matters of religion as per the provisions of the Constitution.
$(3)$ Republic : India is a republic country. A republic is a country which is run by its own people, who are elected directly or indirectly. The head of the state is not decided by inheritance. as it happens in monarchy. but elected through indirect voting. In the system of republic, all positions from Panchayat to Parliament are open to all citizens irrespective of religion. caste or gender. The people of India have the sovereign power to form a new government by overthrowing any government through elections. Thus. India is a republic country.
$(4)$ Union Territory/State : India is a Federal Union comprising different states. India being a huge country like subcontinent with great diversities, it is difficult to run the country from one central place. Therefore the Constitution has made provisions for federal structure. Federal structure of government has been formed in two parts:$1.$ Federal (Union or Central) and $2.$ State Governments. The work areas and authorities of these two types of governments are clearly divided(defined). The functions and powers of both the governments are divided into three lists namely Union Territory List. State List and Joint List. The Federal Government is entrusted with important tasks and authority.The Federal (Union) Government is also known as the Central Government.
$(5)$ Fundamental Rights and Duties : Fundamental rights and duties of citizens are stated clearly in our Constitution.

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Question 45 Marks

Give information about the fundamental rights mentioned in the Constitution.

Answer

The fundamental rights mentioned in the Constitution are as below:
$(1)$ Right to Equality: Equality to is a fundamental principle of democracy. By right to equality all citizens are equal before the law and enjoy equal protection from law. In India. every citizen has the right to equality without any discrimination on the basis of religion, race. sex/gender, caste, language, colour or place of birth. This right gives equal opportunity to every citizen according to his/her merit/competence in matters of government jobs, business, public employment. attainment of position. religious freedom, use of public place, social life, etc. If the state government makes special provisions for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Socially Backward Classes of the country, it will not be considered a violation of the right to equality. Seats are reserved for these classes in government jobs as well as in educational institutions. The Constitution has abolished untouchability, a stigma of Indian society. The practice of untouchability becomes a punishable offence. The titles that create artificial discrimination in society have been abolished
$(2)$ Right to Freedom: The right to freedom is the soul of democracy. Democracy cannot be imagined without the right to freedom. Freedom is essential for the successful management of democracy. Right to freedom is essential for the expression and overall development of the personality of every citizen of the country. This right gives to Indian citizens the freedom to express their views (ideas) through speech and behaviour.
The right to freedom gives six freedoms $ENCE: STANDARD$ $8$ as:
$1.$ Freedom of thought speech and writing;
$2.$ Freedom of meeting and to the citizens peacefully without weapons;
$3.$ Freedom to establish congregations, institutions associations;
$4.$ Freedom to move and travel freel throughout the territory of India;
$5.$ Freedom for residing and settling in any part of the entire region of India and
$6.$ Freedom of doing any business, work, trade and employment.
$(3)$ Right to Protest against Exploitation : The Constitution has given this right with the main aim of the formation of a society free from exploitation where no one gets exploited by others. According to this right, it is prohibited by law from exploiting children below $14$ years of age. Child labour is considered a punishable offence. This right protects every citizen against exploitation in any field. That means, it gives the right to oppose exploitation. This right acknowledges and protects the dignity of the individual.
$(4)$ Right to Religious Freedom: By the right to religious freedom, each citizen of India is free to follow and propagate any religion, which is not against morality and health. According to this right, every citizen is given freedom to perform the rituals, prayers. worship and rites of his religion and also to participate in those rites. This right has given freedom to the citizen to convert to any religion.
$(5)$ Cultural and Educational Rights: By these rights, each citizen of India is free to conserve, maintain and develop his/her language, dialects, traditions, values, etc. No citizen can be denied admission in any state-run or state granted educational institution because of language, religion or culture.
$(6)$ Right to Constitutional Remedies: The Constitution of India gives all citizens the Right to Constitutional Remedies to guarantee the implementation of fundamental rights. Therefore. if a citizen is deprived of his fundamental rights, he can go to the court for protection. According to Babasaheb Ambedkar. The provision of Constitutional remedies is equal to the very 'Soul of the Constitution'.

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Question 55 Marks

Describe the process of forming the Constitution.

Answer

The Constituent Assembly was made to form the Constitution of independent India as per the plan submitted from the Cabinet Mission came to India.There were, in all $389$ members in the Constituent Assembly. For the Constitution-forming process, $23$ Committees involving different subjects were formed. As members, these committees involved people belonging to different communities, religions, gender, geographical areas and representatives of political parties as well as scholars of different fields. In the Constituent Assembly, the well-known personalities like $Dr.$ Rajendra Prasad, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Sardar Baldev Singh. Frank Anthony, $H. P.$ Modi, $A. K. S.$ Ayer, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee. $H. V$ Kamath, Gopalswami Ayyangar and $K. T.$ Shah as well as $Dr.$ Bhimrao Ambedkar and Kanhaiyalal Munshi as the expert of Constitution and as female members Shrimati Sarojini Naidu and Shrimati Vijaya Laxmi Pandit, etc. were included. $Dr.$ Rajendra Prasad was the President of the Constituent Assembly. The Drafting Committee was chaired by $Dr.$ Bhimrao Ambedkar.
The Constituent Assembly started its process on $9th$ December, $1946$. To complete this big task, $166$ meetings were held. The whole process of Constitution forming was completed in $2$ years, $11$ months and $18$ days. In this process, the Constituent Assembly included important aspects of the Constitutions of the democratic countries of the world. Meanwhile, India became independent on $15th$ August, $1947$. After Constituent Assembly widely discussed every the independence of India. the provision of the Constitution and passed it on $26th$ November, $1949$. The Constitution was enforced on $26th$ January, $1950$ and India was declared a sovereign, democratic, republican nation. Therefore, in our country, every year, $26th$ January is celebrated as 'Republic Day'.
The Constituent Assembly accepted Constitution on $26th$ November, $1949$. Therefore, every year. $26th$ November is celebrated as Constitution Day in all over the country and $Dr.$ Bhimrao Ambedkar is specially remembered on this day for his great contribution in the shaping of the Indian Constitution.

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Social Science 5 Marks Each

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