Social Science 3 Marks Each

Krishna Basin:

1. It starts from Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra.
2. Its tributaries are Tungabhadra, Koyna, Ghatprabha, Musi and Bhima.
3. Its basin extends in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
4. Its tributaries length is about 1400 km.

Kaveri Basin:

1. It has its origin in the Brahmagiri Range in Western Ghats.
2. Amravati, Bhavani, Hemvati and Kalini are its main tributaries.
3. It is spread over a Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
4. River Kaveri meets the Bay of Bengal to the South of Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu.

• Remedies to prevent the water pollu- tion :
• (1) Observe the rules made for the prevention of water pollution strictly.
• (2) Implement the project for purifying the water by National River Conservation Project (NRCP).
• (3) Strict rules should be formed so that the industrial units would not empty their chemical effluent water into the rivers.
• (4) Industries should purify the effluent water with due treatment before releasing it in the rivers so that the harmful elements are destroyed from the chentical water.
• (5) Laws should be formed so that the water is treated properly before it is released in the rivers and it should be implemented strictly.
• (6) In order to keep the rivers clean, all citizens should take care that they do not throw domestic waste in rivers.

• Utility of lakes:
• (1 )Some of the lakes ' in India are places of origin for many rivers, e.g, Narmada river originates from Amarkantak Lake.
• (2) Water of the lakes in heavy rainfall region can be conserved and may be used in irrigation, drinking, domestic uses and for fishery.
• (3) Lake waters are useful at the time of droughts.
• (4) Water of the lakes, built through large dams across rivers, is useful in irrigation, production of hydro-electricity and for fishery.
• (5) Many lakes enhance the natural beauty of its surroundings. So such lakes have been developed as tourists spots. Thus, lakes are useful in many ways.

River pollution:
River water is widely used in domestic activities, agriculture and in industrial production.
People worship rivers and call them ‘Lokmata’.
Inspite of these facts, we release industrial pollutants in the rivers.
The sewage water is dumped into the rivers.
We also throw solid waste as well as idols, flowers, coconuts, etc. on the name of religion in rivers. All these human acts pollute the rivers.
Pollution of river water has become our national problem.
Government is trying to prevent river pollution.
Public need to support government’s initiative and prevent pollution of rivers.

Importance of Rivers:
Rivers have been our part of life since the birth of humanity.
They are an extremely important natural resource of water. They are also very for innumerable human activities.
Rivers satisfy various needs of man.
Ancient civilization used to settle and even flourish along rivers.
Many important cities have developed along the river banks. Delhi, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Bharuch, Surat are a few of them.
They fulfil considered to be a base of development for an agrarian country like India. They plays a very important role in development of agriculture and industries.
River water is also used for drinking, generating hydel power and for navigation.

Lakes are formed through several ways:
Lakes are formed due to melting of snow.
Some lakes are also formed when water gets filled in depressions.
Some are formed due to tectonic movements.
A few lakes are formed due to wind, rivers and human actions.
Oxbow lakes are formed in rivers that have many meanders.
There are also many man-made (artificial) lakes in India created due to dams of the rivers.
Sea tides create ‘lagoon’ lakes.

• (1) Brahmaputra originates near ' Mansarovar, the place of origin of Sindhu and Satluj in Tibet. It is slightly longer than Sindhu but a large part of her flow is beyond India.
• (2) In Tibet, it flows eastward parallel Himalaya and after taking a ‘U’ turn around' Namcha Barwa peak (7757 m) enters Arunachal Pradesh. Here it has carved out a 5500 metres ‘ deep gorge. In India it flows through Arunachal ‘Pradesh and Assam. Many rivers with ample water meet her here.
• (3) This river is known as ‘Tsangpo’ in Tibet. as ‘Dihang’ or ‘Sitang’ in Arunachal Pradesh.,‘ as ‘Brahmaputra’ in Assam and as ‘Jamuna’ ' Bangladesh.
• (4) There is less of water and sediments in Tsang Po in Tibet, but it flows through a regiom of heavy rainfall of Assam, so there is huge addition of water and sediments. Moreover, water from many tributaries is emptied into this river.
• (5) In Assam, Brahmaputra flows in a braided form, divided among many tributaries connected with each other. That is why there are few large islands within its course.
• (6) Every year, there is a large increase in volume of water in Brahmaputra during rainy season. As a result, there are frequent floods in the river and there is heavy devastation in Assam and Bangladesh.

• (1) Brahmaputra originates near ' Mansarovar, the place of origin of Sindhu and Satluj in Tibet. It is slightly longer than Sindhu but a large part of her flow is beyond India.
• (2) In Tibet, it flows eastward parallel Himalaya and after taking a ‘U’ turn around' Namcha Barwa peak (7757 m) enters Arunachal Pradesh. Here it has carved out a 5500 metres ‘ deep gorge. In India it flows through Arunachal ‘Pradesh and Assam. Many rivers with ample water meet her here.
• (3) This river is known as ‘Tsangpo’ in Tibet. as ‘Dihang’ or ‘Sitang’ in Arunachal Pradesh.,‘ as ‘Brahmaputra’ in Assam and as ‘Jamuna’ ' Bangladesh.
• (4) There is less of water and sediments in Tsang Po in Tibet, but it flows through a regiom of heavy rainfall of Assam, so there is huge addition of water and sediments. Moreover, water from many tributaries is emptied into this river.
• (5) In Assam, Brahmaputra flows in a braided form, divided among many tributaries connected with each other. That is why there are few large islands within its course.
• (6) Every year, there is a large increase in volume of water in Brahmaputra during rainy season. As a result, there are frequent floods in the river and there is heavy devastation in Assam and Bangladesh.

• (1) River Sindhu originates in the Kailas-Mansarovar area in Tibet, flows towards north - west. passes through Ladakh and Baltistan of Jammu-Kashmir. It has carved out many . inaccessible gorges here. Rivers Zaskar, Shyok, Nubra, Gilgit, Hunza, etc. meet her.
• (2) After Jammu-Kashmir, the river turns towards south and enters Baltistan and Gilgit area and comes out of the mountains near Atak. In Pakistan, a combined flow of five rivers of Punjab-Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Satluj - meets Sindhu near its upper course near Panjnad Mithankot. It flows further and meets Arabian Sea to the east of Karachi. The Sindhu plain has a gentle slope.
• (3 ) About = part of the Sindhu basin is in Jammu-Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab in India.
• (4) Sindhu is one of the long rivers of the world. Its length is about 2900 km.