Social Science 3 Marks Each

In the post-independence period there was acute shortage of food grains and food grains were imported on a large scale. The Government of India decided to overcome this problem and achieving food self-sufficiency by modernisation of agriculture, agricultural research, new production techniques, developing high-yielding varieties of food grains, developing means of irrigation and providing agricultural finance, chemical fertilizers, implements and pesticides at a subsidised rate. The outcome of this policy was a manifold increase in food production. By the end of the year 1972. India had become self-sufficient in her food requirement. This transformation in the Indian agriculture is described as the 'Green Revolution'. Dr M. S. Swaminathan was the architect of India's 'Green Revolution'. 

Hyderabad was the largest princely state in the southern part of India. This state was ruled by Nizam in an autocratic manner. While the ruler professed Islam, the majority of the subjects were Hindus.
→ Nizam declared his intention to retain independence and not to merge with the Indian Union on 15th August, 1947.
→ The Government of India tried to convince the Nizam that an independent state was not viable as it was surrounded by the Indian territory.
→ Nizam maintained that for the geographical reason his state cannot be merged with Pakistan and for the ideological reasons with India. Therefore, he had decided to remain independent.
→ Negotiations were started with Nizam by Sardar Patel who conveyed to him that his subjects were in favour of merger with India and therefore it was in the interest of everyone that Hyderabad should merge with the Indian Union.
→ Kasim Rizvi headed 'Razakars', i.e., a para-military fanatic organisation. Rizvi advised Nizam not to merge with the Indian Union and let loose violence on the Hindus in Hyderabad state. The officials and the military of Nizam. too, were in favour of independence.
→ For the liberation of Hyderabad. it was decided. to take 'Police Action'. Little resistance was offered by the Nizam's army. Nizam surrendered on 18th September, 1948 and his state was merged with the Indian Union. However, the Government of India gave assurance that Nizam's interests will be protected.
→ Hyderabad State Congress led by Swami Ramanand Tirth and Shri K. M. Munshi played an important role in the merger of Hyderabad state with the Indian Union.

Junagadh was a small princely state in Saurashtra. The ruler-Nawab was Muslim by religion, whereas the subjects were the Hindus.
→ Going against the wishes of his subject, the Nawab merged Junagadh with Pakistan. On 15th August, 1947 Pakistan acknowledged the merger of Junagadh.
→ There was uproar in Junagadh and Sardar Patel decided to take immediate action to resolve this crisis.
→ The people of Junagadh, living in Mumbal. formed 'Aarzi Hukumat ' with the objective of retention of Junagadh in India. The action of the Nawab was condemned by the people all over Saurashtra.
→ The Nawab resorted to different means to torture his subjects.
→ The Indian army and navy encircled Junagadh Fearing for his life, the Nawab fled to Pakistan.
→ Indian army acquired control over Junagadh on 9th November, 1947.
→ A plebiscite was held to ascertain the views of people who expressed their desire to merge with India.
→ Thus the statesmanship of Sardar Patel and strong will of people led to the merger of Junagadh with the Indian Union.