Social Science 4 Marks Each

• (A) Division of Germany: After the defeat of Germany in World War II, German . territory was occupied by the armed forces ofthe Allied Powers-the USA, the UK, France and : the USSR.
• The German territory was divided among the Allied Powers
• (1) the eastern part of Germany was assigned to the USSR
• (2) the north-western part was assigned to the USA
• (3) the territory adjacent to France was assignedto France and
• (4)the territory adjacent to Belgium and The . Netherlands was assigned to the UK.
• The capital city of Berlin, was divided into four zones.
• The territories under the control of the USA, the UK and France were merged and the Federal Republic of Germany was established in 1949. The East Germany was named by the USSR . as ‘Democratic Republic of Germany.
• Similarly three zones in Berlin under control of the USA, the UK and France were merged into West Berlin.
• The cold war had already started and the USSR resorted to ‘Berlin Blockade’ in 1948 and constructed ‘Berlin Wall’ in 1961.
• (B) Unification of Germany: People of the East and West Germany desired unification of Germany.
• As the cold war was nearing its end, unification of the East and West Germany was brought about on 3rd October, 1990.
• People demolished the most hated ‘Berlin Wall
• Mikhail Gorbachev, the Prime Minister of the USSR did not intervene in this process.
• Thus after 45 years of separation, the unification of two Germanys was accomplished.

• During the era of the ‘cold war’, the USA and the USSR possessed nuclear weapons and missiles. The world was on the brink of a third nuclear world war during the Cuban Crisis.
• In their quest for world dominance. the super powers were engaged in nuclear arms race.
• Their ambitions led to local and regional conflicts like the Korean war and the war in Vietnam.
• The small nations felt threatened and joined either of these groups. Bea suspicion and fear had created mere of international tension. Which Bearable at times. sulted in neglect of human welfare ads were spent on weaponry.

The UN:

1. After the Second World War, large scale unemployment, epidemics, crores of death and ruined economy shook the world.
2. The countries of the world finally realized a serious need to establish a world organization which would maintain peace and harmony in the world.
3. Owing to this need, United Nations Organisation (UNO) was established on 24th October, 1945. It was later renamed as United Nations.
4. The United Nations charter starts with the Preamble (i.e. Introduction) of the Constitution.

The Aims of the UN:

1. The UN makes a determination to save the future generation from destructive wars by preventing wars.
2. It emphasis that the countries of the world should obey international laws and move ahead with mutual understanding.
3. It also emphasis that the countries should develop tolerance towards other countries so that the whole world develops socially.
4. Economic, social and cultural problems should be solved with the help of United Nations. Human rights and basic freedom should be provided to all irrespective of their caste, language gender or religion.
5. The UN appeals to all the nations to co-operate with these objectives.

The policy of not joining i.e, aligning with any of the two major power blocs namely America and the Soviet Union after the Second World War was known as the policy of non-alignment.

1. The Non-Alignment Policy-gave rise to the Non-Aligned Movement in the world.
2. The Non-aligned or say neutral nations aimed at overall development while maintaining their individual existence.
3. The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a group or an organisation of states. It is also called the Non-Alignment Council.
4. This Council consists of 23 Asian countries as well as 6 Asian countries. The Non- Aligned Movement (NAM) organisation was found in 1961 in Belgrade, Yogoslavia.
5. This movement got a positive support from India’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Indonesia’s first President Sukarno, Egypt’s second President Garmal Abdel Nasser Hussein, Ghana’s first President Kwame Nkrumah and Yugoslavia’s President Josip Broz Tito.
6. The policies of NAM were framed under the leadership of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
7. Nehru believed that this movement continues to see a role for itself.
8. As per him the movement can view that the world’s poorest nations remain exploited and marginalised no more by opposing superpowers, but instead in a uni-polar world.
9. He also believed that NAM has realigned itself due to the dominance of the western countries and their colonialism.
10. The NAM opposes foreign occupation, interference in internal affairs and aggressive unilateral measures.
11. The Non-Aligned Movement has identified economic underdevelopment, poverty, and social injustices as growing threats to peace and security.
12. Today more and more countries have joined the Non-Alignment Movement.
13. The 13 th Union Summit of NAM was held at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysis on 13th May, 2003.
14. Last four decades have witnessed many important events at world level.
15. A few of them are disintegration of Soviet Union and hence decrease in the power of Russia, America emerged as a superpower, decrease of imperial policy, etc.
16. The NAM has played a very important role in these situations.

• (1) NATO : The North Atlantic Treaty (NATO) was formed to check the spread and the Soviet expansionism. NATO April 1949 under the leadership He western capitalist – democratic members,
• (2) After the communist party came to power in china there was a perceived threat of communist expansionism in the south-East Asia.
• To counter this threat south-East Asia Treaty Organisation Was formed in 1954 seato was a military alliance formed with the initative taken by the USA and England.
• 3. Warsaw Pact: With a view to counter the . dominance of the USA after the formation of the NATO and the SEATO, the USSR and the ‘Socialist’ states in Eastern Europe entered into Warsaw . Pact in 1954. This alliance was headed by the :
• USSR. Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Czechoslovakia, . Hungary, Poland and East Germany were the member-states.

• The USA and the USSR emerged as the Superpowers after the world war.
• Their rivalry for the dominance over the world Politics was the main cause of the ‘cold war.
• There was also ideological conflict’ between communism advocated by the USSR and capitalism practised by the western democracics.
• The USSR had brought Eastern Europe under its control and there was threat of the spread of communism and the Soviet expansion in Western Europe. This led to the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) by the USA and its allies in Europe.
• The Communist Revolution took place in China. his was threat to the allies of the USA in South. east Asia. This led to the formation of the South- east Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO).
• The USSR was looking forward to dominate Central Asai therefore. use and its allies formed central east-north treaty organization (cento).
• In response t0 the formation of the military, alliances bY the USA, the USSR and its allies formed Warsaw Treaty Organisation.
• These two power groups and military alliance tried to win over to their side the rest of he countries in the world.
• There was atmosphere of mutual suspicion and fear, leading to the race for nuclear armament Till 1949. the USA was the only nuclear owe, The USSR acquired nuclear capabilities in 1949 the usa the only nuclear power the ussr acauired nuclear capabilities in 1949.