(b) Peppered Moth Explanation: Industrial melanism is a prime demonstration of natural selection, showcasing the evolution of dark-coloured peppered moths in reaction to air pollution in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution.
Which anatomically modern human species is known to have coexisted with Homo neanderthalensis?
✓
Homo sapiens sapiens
B
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
C
Homo sapiens erectus
D
Homo sapiens habilis
Answer
Correct option: A.
Homo sapiens sapiens
(a) Homo sapiens sapiens Explanation: Homo sapiens sapiens, or anatomically modern humans, coexisted with Homo neanderthalensis for a period of time before the latter went extinct, and there is evidence of interbreeding between the two species
What is one of the distinguishing features of Homo neanderthalensis compared to Homo sapiens?
✓
Larger brain size
B
More gracile skeletal structure
C
Presence of a pronounced chin
D
Advanced tool-making abilities
Answer
Correct option: A.
Larger brain size
(a) Larger brain size Explanation: Homo neanderthalensis had a larger average brain size compared to Homo sapiens, but they went extinct while Homo sapiens thrived and became the sole surviving species of the genus Homo.
Which species is believed to have been the first to migrate out of Africa and populate other regions of the world?
✓
Homo erectus
B
Homo neanderthalensis
C
Homo sapiens
D
Homo habilis
Answer
Correct option: A.
Homo erectus
(a) Homo erectus Explanation: Homo erectus is believed to have been the first hominid species to migrate out of Africa, spreading to Asia and Europe approximately 1.8 million years ago.
Which of the following hominid species is considered the earliest known ancestor of modern humans?
A
Homo habilis
✓
Australopithecus afarensis
C
Homo erectus
D
Homo neanderthalensis
Answer
Correct option: B.
Australopithecus afarensis
(b) Australopithecus afarensis Explanation: Australopithecus afarensis, represented famously by the fossil "Lucy," is considered one of the earliest known hominid species and is believed to be a direct ancestor of modern humans.
Assertion (A): The peppered moth is known for its significant change in colouration from light to dark during the Industrial Revolution. Reason (R): This colour change was an adaptation to increased pollution, which darkened the trees and made darker moths less visible to predators.
✓
Both A and R are True.
B
Both A and R are False.
C
A is True and R is False.
D
A is False and R is True.
Answer
Correct option: A.
Both A and R are True.
(a) Both A and R are True. Explanation: Highlighting the peppered moth's color shift to dark during the Industrial Revolution, this is an adaptation to increased pollution darkening trees, giving darker moths a survival advantage against predators, showing natural selection due to environmental changes.
Assertion (A): Australopithecus species are considered to be the earliest ancestors of modern humans. Reason (R): They were bipedal and had brain sizes similar to that of modern chimpanzees.
✓
Both A and R are True.
B
Both A and R are False.
C
A is True and R is False.
D
A is False and R is True.
Answer
Correct option: A.
Both A and R are True.
(a) Both A and R are True. Explanation: Australopithecus species are indeed early ancestors of modern humans. They were bipedal, which is a significant evolutionary trait. However, while their brain size was similar to that of modern chimpanzees.
Which of the following has the highest cranial capacity?
A
Ramapithecus
B
Australopithecus
C
Homo habilis
✓
Homo sapiens
Answer
Correct option: D.
Homo sapiens
(d) Homo sapiens Explanation: Homo sapiens (modern humans) have the highest cranial capacity among the options listed, averaging about 1350 cubic centimeters.
Which human ancestors had mastered the art of making stone tools?
✓
Homo habilis
B
Java man
C
Cro-magnon man
D
Australopithecus
Answer
Correct option: A.
Homo habilis
(a) Homo habilis Explanation: The species Homo habilis-meaning "handy man" was long, thought to be our earliest ancestor who made tools to butcher animals for food. Homo habilis was declared the toolmaker and the meat eater, and, as a result, a core part of the definition of our genus involved these two novel behaviours.
(d) Vermiform appendix Explanation: Vestigial organs are parts of an organism that are remnants of evolutionary history and have lost much or all of their original function. The vermiform appendix is considered a vestigial organ in humans, having lost much of its original function.
Australopithecus > Homo habilis > Homo erectus > Homo sapiens sapiens
B
Homo habilis > Australopithecus > Homo erectus > Homo sapiens sapiens
C
Homo habilis > Homo erectus > Australopithecus > Homo sapiens sapiens
D
Australopithecus > Homo erectus > Homo habilis > Homo sapiens sapiens
Answer
Correct option: A.
Australopithecus > Homo habilis > Homo erectus > Homo sapiens sapiens
(a) Australopithecus > Homo habilis > Homo erectus > Homo sapiens sapiens Explanation: Australopithecus (4 million years ago) > Homo habilis (2.3 million years ago) > Homo erectus (1.8-1 million years ago) > Homo sapiens sapiens.
Which of the following is the most similar to modern day man?
A
Neanderthal man
B
Java man
C
Peking man
✓
Cro-magnon man
Answer
Correct option: D.
Cro-magnon man
(d) Cro-magnon man Explanation: Neanderthal man with his large brain but squat build and heavy brows gave way about 30,000 years ago to Cro-magnon man whose physical make up was closer to modern day man.
(c) Peking man Explanation: Peking man was an ancient human ancestor lived between 750000 and 200000 years ago who used stone implements for hunting and could also make fire to stay warm and cook food.
Stereoscopic (binocular) vision is a property of which of the following?
✓
Primates
B
Fish
C
Amphibians
D
Reptiles
Answer
Correct option: A.
Primates
(a) Primates Explanation: Primates including humans have stereoscopic (binocular) vision or three dimensional vision because their eyes are forward facing.
(b) 70 million years ago Explanation: Primates are one of the orders of mammals, originated 70 million years ago, onwards the end of cretaceous period.
__________ are evolutionary remains with little or no current use or function.
✓
Vestigial organs
B
Evolution
C
Homologous organs
D
Analogous organs
Answer
Correct option: A.
Vestigial organs
(a) Vestigial organs Explanation: Vestigial organs are structures with little or no current use. Example of vestigial structures in humans are vermiform appendix, wisdom teeth, muscles of pinna.
Use and disuse theory applied to Giraffes is an example of:
✓
Inheritance of acquired characters
B
Survival of the fittest
C
Theory of natural selection
D
Convergent evolution
Answer
Correct option: A.
Inheritance of acquired characters
(a) Inheritance of acquired characters Explanation: The idea that giraffes developed long necks due to stretching to reach higher leaves, and passed this trait to their offspring, example for Lamarck's theory of use and disuse, part of his broader concept of inheritance of acquired characters.
Theory of 'Inheritance of acquired characters' was put forward by:
A
Charles Darwin
✓
Lamarck
C
Mendel
D
Hugo de Vries
Answer
Correct option: B.
Lamarck
(b) Lamarck Explanation: Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, though this theory is not supported by modern genetics.
The concept of 'survival of the fittest' was put forward by:
✓
Charles Darwin
B
Lamarck
C
Mendel
D
Hugo de Vries
Answer
Correct option: A.
Charles Darwin
(a) Charles Darwin Explanation: Charles Darwin put forward the concept of 'survival of the fittest' as the part of his theory of 'Natural Selection', according to which in the struggle for existence, individuals showing variations in the right directions survive and get transmitted to offsprings and unfavourable variation penish.
Which of the following is not an example of vestigial structure found in humans?
A
Vermiform appendix
B
Muscles of pinna
✓
Gall bladder
D
Tail bone
Answer
Correct option: C.
Gall bladder
(c) Gall bladder Explanation: Vestigial structures are structures with little or no current use. Example of vestigial structures in humans are vermiform appendix, wisdom teeth, muscles of pinna.
As per the theory of organic evolution single celled organisms appeared how many years ago?
✓
3-4 billion years ago
B
20 million years ago
C
2-4 million years ago
D
60 million years ago
Answer
Correct option: A.
3-4 billion years ago
(a) 3-4 billion years ago Explanation: The concept that living things involved from non-living matter and changed through the ages is called theory of organic evolution. As per this, first single-celled organisms appeared about 3-4 billion years ago.
An example of an organism that under went rapid evolution in response to environmental change is:
A
Darwin's Finches
✓
Peppered Moth
C
Girraffes neck
D
Ptesaurus
Answer
Correct option: B.
Peppered Moth
(b) Peppered Moth Explanation: The Peppered Moth is a classic example of rapid evolution due to environmental changes. The change in coloration of the moths during the Industrial Revolution in England is a well-documented case of natural selection.
Which of the following correctly describes the order of evolution?
✓
Single celled organism $\rightarrow$ Fish $\rightarrow$ Amphibians $\rightarrow$ Reptiles $\rightarrow$ Birds $\rightarrow$ Mammals
B
Single celled organism $\rightarrow$ Mammals $\rightarrow$ Reptiles $\rightarrow$ Birds $\rightarrow$ Fish $\rightarrow$ Amphibians
C
Single celled organism $\rightarrow$ Birds $\rightarrow$ Amphibians $\rightarrow$ Reptiles $\rightarrow$ Fish $\rightarrow$ Mammals
D
Single celled organism $\rightarrow$ Fish $\rightarrow$ Reptiles $\rightarrow$ Amphibians $\rightarrow$ Birds $\rightarrow$ Mammals
Answer
Correct option: A.
Single celled organism $\rightarrow$ Fish $\rightarrow$ Amphibians $\rightarrow$ Reptiles $\rightarrow$ Birds $\rightarrow$ Mammals
(a) Single celled organism $\square \rightarrow$ Fish $\rightarrow$ Amphibians $\rightarrow$ Reptiles $\rightarrow$ Birds $\rightarrow$ Mammals Explanation: This sequence represents a broadly accepted view of the major transitions in the evolution of life on Earth, starting from simple single-celled organisms and progressing through various stages of complexity.
During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." To correct your friend's misconception, what would you say?
A
Spontaneous mutations can result in the appearance of new traits.
B
Only favourable adaptations have survival value.
C
Overproduction of offspring leads to a struggle for survival.
✓
Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are not passed on through genes.
Answer
Correct option: D.
Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are not passed on through genes.
(d) Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are not passed on through genes. Explanation: This statement reflects Lamarckian inheritance. The correct explanation is that Evolutionary changes are a result of genetic mutations and natural selection, not the direct result of an organism's activities or behaviour during its lifetime. This principle is a key aspect of Darwinian evolutionary theory, contrasting the earlier Lamarckian view of inheritance of acquired characteristics.
(d) Heterophylly Explanation: Heterophylly, which refers to the existence of different types of leaves on the same plant, cannot be explained by Lamarckism as it is not a trait acquired during the plant's lifetime but is instead a genetic adaptation.
Which one of the following is not a vestigial part in human-beings?
A
Coccyx
B
Third molar on each side in each jaw
✓
Finger nails
D
Segmental muscles of abdomen
Answer
Correct option: C.
Finger nails
(c) Finger nails Explanation: Vestigial structures are remnants of ancestral features that have lost their original function over evolutionary time. For eg., the nictitating membrane of the eyes, an appendix of the caecum, reduced tail vertebrae, rudimentary body hair, and wisdom teeth are vestigial organs seen in man. Nails protect the sensitive tips of toes and fingers.
(d) 1300-1600 cc Explanation: Modern man (Homo sapiens sapiens) : It includes all the human beings existing today on the earth. The modern man has superior brain power helpful to adapt and control his environment. He started cultivating plants and domesticating animals. Flourished about 11,000-10,000 years ago around the Caspian seas, then migrated to other areas. The cranial cavity of the modern is 1300-1600 cc.
The prehistoric man which lived on earth during late Pleistocene period was:
✓
Neanderthal man
B
Australopithecus
C
Peking man
D
Atlantic man
Answer
Correct option: A.
Neanderthal man
(a) Neanderthal man Explanation : Neanderthal man (Homo neanderthalensis) lived during the late Pleistocene period, which dates back to about 40,000 to 400,000 years ago. They were known for their robust build and distinctive skull features. Australopithecus existed much earlier, while Peking man (Homo erectus pekinensis) lived in the Middle Pleistocene. There is no evidence of an 'Atlantic man' in prehistoric records.
The extinct human ancestor who ate only fruits and hunted with stone weapons was:
A
Ramapithecus
✓
Australopithecus
C
Dryopithecus
D
Homo erectus
Answer
Correct option: B.
Australopithecus
(b) Australopithecus Explanation: The first fossil Australopithecus africanus in the form of the skull cap of a child Taung baby was discovered in a lime quarry by workers at Taung in South Africa. Australopithecines probably lived in East African grasslands. Evidence shows they hunted with stone weapons but essentially ate the fruit. They lived in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene epoch about 4 to 1.8 million years ago. Australopithecus can be considered as connecting link between apes and man.
The extinct human who lived 1,00,000 to 40,000 years ago, in Europe, Asia and parts of Africa, with short stature, heavy eye brows, retreating forehead, large jaws with heavy teeth, stocky bodies, a lumbering gait and stooped posture was:
A
Cro-Magnon humans
B
Ramapithecus
C
Homo habilis
✓
Neanderthal human
Answer
Correct option: D.
Neanderthal human
(d) Neanderthal human Explanation: Neanderthal man (Homo neanderthalensis) was an advanced prehistoric man. They lived in the specified regions during the time frame mentioned and had distinctive physical features as described, including the heavy brow ridges and robust body structure. Its first fossil was collected from Neanderthal valley in Germany in (1856).
(b) 900 cc Explanation: Homo erectus was the first true man who walked on two limbs. The average cranial capacity of Homo erectus is 900 cc which is larger than that of the early hominids, who lived about 1.5 million years ago.