Question
(A) Nothing spells extravagance like silk does. Producing silk is a lengthy process and demands close attention. First, quality feed for silkworms needs to be cultivated. Then the worms need to be carefully hand-reared in controlled environmental conditions till the pupae spin the silk cocoons. The silk is extracted by human hand and then woven into fabric.

(B) India’s southern region specialises in the production of rich silk yams that are used in combination with • other yams that are then transformed into awe-inspiring fabrics. India prides itself as the only country that produces all types of natural silk, made from various types of silk-spinning worms. Mulberry, tussar, eri and munga are special to India. The silk yam of south India is recognised as authentic and elegant not only in the country, but globally. Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are among the leading states producing silk yam in India. South India is the leading silk-producing area of the country, and is also known for its famous silk-weaving enclaves like Kanchipuram, Dharmavaram and Ami. The traditional handloom silk always scores over the powerloom ones in the richness of their textures and design, in their individuality, character and classic beauty. Handloom weaving remains a symbol of the versatility and creativity of living craft. Today, Indian silks, especially the handloom product remains the most beautiful and cherished product in the world over.

(C) It is estimated that almost 85 per cent of the price of silk in the market goes back to communities that are engaged in sericulture and silk industry as the entire families are involved in production rather than one bread winner.

(D) It plays a huge role in the upliftment of communities from poverty to prosperity. If the consumption of silk increases, the entire village tends to prosper. The final part of silk production is the weaving of the fabric which is considered more of an art than an act. These communities depend solely on weaving silk for their livelihood and the distinct regions have developed their own character of weaving silk to establish indelible identities for themselves.

(E) Silk has been intermingled with the life and culture of the Indians. Though India is producing all the varieties of silk, i.e., dress materials, scarves/stoles, readymade garments, etc., the silk sarees are unique. The saree is almost synonymous with the word silk. It has been the traditional costume of Indian women since time immemorial. There are innumerable references in Indian literature about this draped garment and the style of wearing differs from time to time, region to region and people to people. The silk sarees of India are among the excellent living examples of the craftsmanship of the weavers of the country. Though India has earned a predominant position in the world with rising silk demand, it still lags behind China in silk production. India contributes around 15 per cent of the world’s total silk production while China contributes more than 80 per cent of global production. In India, the cost of imported silk yam is approximately ₹ 4,500 per kg while domestic yam is sold between ₹ 3,500 and ₹ 3,800 per kg. 

Questions:

(i) What is required for producing quality silk?

(ii) Which regions in India are leading in silk yam production?

(iii) What percentage of the price of silk in the market goes back to communities engaged in sericulture and silk industry?

(iv) Which country produces the most silk in the world?

(v) Find a word from the passage which has the same meaning as  'extravagance'.

(vi) Write the verb form of 'production'.

(vii) Find a word from the passage opposite in meaning to 'prosperity'.

(viii) Write the adverb form of 'beautiful'.

(ix) What is the significance of handloom weaving in South India?
A) It is cheaper than powerloom weaving.
B) It is known for its individuality, character, and classic beauty.
C) It produces more silk than powerloom weaving.
D) It is easier and faster than powerloom weaving.

(x) What is the role of silk production in Indian communities?
A) It has no significant impact.
B) It is only a minor source of income.
C) It uplifts communities from poverty to prosperity.
D) It is solely dependent on government subsidies.

Answer

(i) Quality feed for silkworms and controlled environmental conditions are required.

(ii) Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.

(iii) Almost 85%.

(iv)
China.

(v) Luxury.

(vi) Produce.

(vii) Poverty.

(viii) Beautifully.

(ix) B) It is known for its individuality, character, and classic beauty.

(x)  C) It uplifts communities from poverty to prosperity.

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Lines Written in Early Spring
I heard a thousand blended notes,
While in a grove I sate reclined,
In that sweet mood when pleasant thoughts
Bring sad thoughts to the mind.
To her fair works did Nature link
The human soul that through me ran;
And much it grieved my heart to think
What man has made of man.
Through primrose tufts, in that green bower
The periwinkle trailed its wreaths;
And 'tis my faith that every flower
Enjoys the air it breathes.
The birds around me hopped and played,
Their thoughts I cannot measure:-
But the least motion which they made
It seemed a thrill of pleasure.
The budding twigs spread out their fan,
To catch the breezy air;
And I must think, do all I can,
That there was pleasure there.
If this belief from heaven be sent,
If such be Nature's holy plan,
Have I not reason to lament
What man has made of man?
- William Wordsworth
(i) The poet is sitting ________.
a)in a small wood $\quad$ b)in his office
c)in his house $\quad$ d)in the garden
(ii) The poet finds the ________ hopping and playing.
(iii) In the line, What man has made of man the mood of the poet is ________.
a)thoughtful $\quad$b)excited
c)surprised $\quad$d)happy
(iv) According to the poet, Nature's message to all living beings is _________.
(v) The word lament here means that the poet is ________.
(vi) The meaning of the word sate is ________.
a)Mourn $\quad$b)Little clumps
c)clumsy $\quad$d)An old-fashioned way of saying "sat"
(vii) The rhyming scheme of the poem is ________.
a)abba $\quad$ b)aabb
c)aabc $\quad$d)abab
(viii) Which of the following poetic device is used in the line What man has made of than?
(ix) What does the poet mean by the lines In that sweet mood when pleasant thoughts - Bring sad thoughts to the mind?
a)His happy thoughts actually remind him of some sad things.
b)The poet is enjoying the spring bliss.
c)None of these.
d)The spring turned made him mourn.
(x) Name the literary device used in the lines, And
'tis my faith that every flower
Enjoys the air it breathes.
(A) Akbar and Birbal, the two historic legends are said to have shared a great bond and have left some incredible stories for the ages ahead of them to hear and learn from. The stories are not only amusing but carry a strong message and pose questions on society, routine, rituals and practices strongly.

(B) Birbal was a really wise and intelligent man. People used to admire him for his character and rich knowledge he possessed regarding every field. Almost all the decisions of the reign were taken after consulting with him. He was one of the most important ministers and closest to Akbar. Birbal was just so very dear to Akbar, not just because of his skills but because of the way their bond had grown stronger over the years.

(C) During Emperor Akbar’s reign, there was a poor man in Agra who was thought to bring bad luck. People believed that if anyone looked at his face in the morning, they would have a bad day.

(D) ” Get lost, you ugly fellow!” he would be cursed by one and all. “Hide your face before you kill someone with your evil eye!”

(E) The Emperor soon heard of this man’s reputation and wanted to see him. The poor fellow, who had not harmed a single person in his life, was brought to Akbar.

(F) Akbar took a look at him and asked him to be brought back in the evening.

(H) That particular day was especially full and tiring day for the Emperor and his courtiers.

(I) So many matters had to be attended to, that Akbar even forgot to eat. By the end of the day, the emperor was exhausted. To make matters worse, Akbar was informed that his favourite child, little Prince Salim, had fallen ill.

(J) Then the emperor suddenly remembered that he had seen the face of the ‘unlucky’ man that morning. That was it. It was that man’s entire fault, Akbar decided.

(K) Akbar called his courtiers and told them that he was going to have the ‘unlucky’ man executed. All of them agreed immediately.

(L) All except Birbal. Instead, Birbal let out a short laugh. “What’s the matter, Birbal?” asked the emperor, “You seem to find something funny!” “Nothing, your Majesty”, replied Birbal.

(K) “You say this man brings bad luck because you had to go without food ever since you saw him this morning. Look at his luck. Yours was the first face he saw today and he has to die because of it.”

(M) Akbar immediately realised his folly and rewarded Birbal for his wisdom.

Questions:

(i) What was Birbal admired for by the people?

(ii) Why did Akbar want to see the 'unlucky' man?

(iii) What did Akbar decide to do after seeing the 'unlucky' man?

(iv) How did Birbal convince Akbar to change his decision about the 'unlucky' man?

(v) Find a word from the passage which has the same meaning as  'rewarded'.

(vi) Write the verb form of 'wise'.

(vii) Find a word from the passage opposite in meaning to 'increase'.

(viii) Write the adverb form of 'rewarded'.

(ix) Why did Akbar initially believe the 'unlucky' man was at fault for his bad day?

A) Because the man had harmed someone
B) Because of the man's reputation for bad luck
C) Because Birbal advised him to believe so
D) Because the courtiers insisted on it

(x) What did Birbal do that made Akbar reconsider his decision to execute the 'unlucky' man?
A) He pleaded with Akbar
B) He laughed and explained the irony of the situation
C) He agreed with the courtiers
D) He suggested a different punishment
1. In a historic moment for India, Mariyappan Thangavelu won a gold medal while compatriot Varun Singh Bhati clinched a bronze in the men's high jump T-42 event at the Rio Paralympics 2016. The 20-year-old Thangavelu made a leap of 1.89 m, while Bhati jumped his personal best of 1.86 m to finish third. USA's Sam Grewe bagged the silver medal. India's other medal prospect Sharad Kumar finished at number six. T-42 is a disability classification in the sport for differently-abled track-and-field athletes with single "above the knee' amputation or a comparable disability.

2. The event witnessed a fierce contest with six of the 12 athletes clearing the 1.74 m mark in their first eight attempts. But Thangavelu became a part of the leading group after his 10th attempt when he cleared the 1.77 m mark along with Lukasz Mamczarz of Poland, China's Zhiqiang Zhing and Kumar. He then went into the lead along with Bhati as both managed to clear the 1.83 m mark. Kumar, however, could not improve his performance and eventually crashed out of medal contention. Grewe pushed Thangavelu and Bhati to the joint second position by clearing 1.86 m to grab the top spot. But both Indians made a strong comeback by equalling the height to share the pole position. Thangavelu eventually made sure of the gold with an effort of 1.89 m in his final attempt while Grewe and Bhati finished with best efforts of 1.86 m.

3. Thangavelu was injured at the age of five, when a bus accident left him with a permanent disability while bronze medal winner Bhati was diagnosed with polio which led to a deformity in his legs.

Questions:
(i) What is the winning of gold and bronze medals by Mariyappan Thangavelu and Varun Singh Bhati respectively is called by the author?


(ii) What is the term T-42 used for in the sports at Rio Olympics?

(iii) Why is the T-42 event regarded as a fierce contest?

(iv) How did the both athletes make a strong comeback at the Rio Olympics 2016?

(v) What led to a deformity in Bhati's legs?

(vi) Sam Grewe belongs to:
a) China
b) England
c) USA
d) Australia

(vii) In his final attempt Thangavelu made sure of the:
a) all of these
b) bronze medal
c) gold medal
d) silver medal

(viii) Thangavelu met with a bus accident at the age of five which left him with________.

(ix) Sharad Kumar's performance in Rio Olympics was not good.
a) True
b) False

(x) Which word in para 2 is the same in meaning to finally?
a) cleared
b) eventually
c) equally
d) witnessed
Akbar and Birbal, the two historic legends are said to have shared a great bond and have left some incredible stories for the ages ahead of them to hear and learn from. The stories are not only amusing but carry a strong message and pose questions on society, routine, rituals and practices strongly.
Birbal was a really wise and intelligent man, people used to admire him for his
character and rich knowledge he possessed regarding every field. Almost all the decisions of the reign were taken after consulting with him. He was one of the most important ministers and closest to Akbar. Birbal was just so very dear to Akbar, not just because of his skills but because of the way their bond had grown strong over the years.
During Emperor Akbar's reign, there was a poor man in Agra who was thought to bring bad luck. People believed that if anyone looked at his face in the morning, they would have a bad day.
"Get lost, you ugly fellow!" he would be cursed by one and all. "Hide your face before you kill someone with your evil eye!"
The Emperor soon heard of this man's reputation and wanted to see him. The poor fellow, who had not harmed a single person in his life, was brought to Akbar. Akbar took a look at him and asked him to be brought back in the evening. That particular day was especially full and tiring day for the Emperor and his courtiers.
So many matters had to be attended to, that Akbar even forgot to eat. By the end of the day, the emperor was exhausted. To make matters worse, Akbar was informed that his favourite child, little Prince Salim, had fallen ill.
Then the Emperor suddenly remembered that he had seen the face of the 'unlucky' man that morning. That was it. It was that man's entire fault, Akbar decided. Akbar called his courtiers and told them that he was going to have the 'unlucky' man executed. All of them agreed immediately.
All except Birbal. Instead, Birbal let out a short laugh.
"What's the matter, Birbal?" asked the emperor, "You seem to find something funny!"
"Nothing, your Majesty", replied Birbal.
"You say this man brings bad luck because you had to go without food ever since you saw him this morning.
Look at his luck. Yours was the first face he saw today and he has to die because of it."
Akbar immediately realised his folly and rewarded Birbal for his wisdom. The above story of a man with unlucky face is one such story where Bubal's quick wit and strong logical reasoning is showcased.
(i) Why had the king not eaten his food?
a) He is sad
b) He was not feeling well.
c) He had seen the face of the unlucky fellow.
d) He was very busy that day.
(ii) Who was not well on that particular day?
(a) Birbal (b) Prince Salim (c) King Akbar (d) The King's courtiers
 (iii) Which of the following describes Birbal?
a) He had lost his senses.
b) He was a famous merchant.
c) He was very poor.
d) He possessed good logical thinking.
(iv) Choose the word that has most nearly the same meaning as the word folly used m the passage.
(a) conflict (b) mistake (c) argument (d) Words
(v) What was Birbal's initial reaction when he heard that the poor man would be executed?
a) He laughed slightly.
b) He was silent and wanted to give a chance to the poor man.
c) He was angry because Akbar had not taken his advice.
d) He smiled a lot
(vi) What was Akbar informed about his favourite child?
(vii) Why did Akbar decide to execute the poor man?
(viii) What was the courtiers reaction when they heard that the poor man would be executed?
(ix) What made Akbar realize his mistake?
(x) Why was Birbal rewarded?
(A) Rabindranath Tagore lived 80 years, from 1861 to 1941, leaving his mark on both centuries. His oeuvre is massive, spanning over 2,000 songs, 3,000 poems, 2,000 paintings, 90 short stories, dozens of novels, plays and dance-dramas, innumerable essays, creation of his educational experiments in Santiniketan and Sriniketan, engagement in debates on national and international issues, and so on. One may well ask: Is there a central theme in Tagore, or even a small set of themes? This is an important question because if there is, we must not lose sight of it when contemplating the vast range of his outputs. I do believe that there is a central theme, and that is his love of freedom, and non-conformity, which is evident in his works. Apart from being a literary genius, have you ever wondered what else did he love? Have you ever thought of tasting the bard’s favourite dishes

(B) Now Kolkata can boast of a cafeteria-cum-restaurant, ‘Cafe The’, where people can get a taste of Tagore’s culinary indulgences-all under one roof. It was conceived by Ratikanta Basu, who undertook a lot of research to make it a reality.

(C) The restaurant is located on Ho Chi Min Sarani in South Kolkata and is the first cafe-cum-restaurant in India that is exclusively dedicated to Tagore cuisine.

(D) Tagore would encourage the ‘thakurs’ (cooks) in his ancestral palace in the northern part of the city to introduce variations in the platter, by including local versions of Continental and Peshawari cuisine. Thus, the cross over culture ensconced silently in the Kitchens of ‘Thakurbari’ and it was launched, much before the clamour for cross-cultural cuisine actually started. (E) The poet’s innate wanderlust took him to places like Italy, Spain, England, Turkey, and he imbibed the food traditions of respective countries. Since he was exposed to both oriental and continental cuisine, a penchant to blend the two forms came naturally.

(F) There are not many documents to support that Tagore was a die-hard food lover. But he actually was one, and whenever he attended a lunch or dinner abroad, he used to collect and bring back the menu cards.

(G) A part of the menu card will be a facsimile of the menu laid out for the dinner party hosted by India society, London, in 1912 to felicitate Tagore on the occasion of the publication of ‘Gitanjali’, a collection of his poems. This collection was originally written in Bengali, the poems were based on medieval Indian lyrics of devotion. Their translation to English in 1912 garnered wide popularity among European audiences. The publication of Gitanjali in English led Tagore to become the first non-European to win a Nobel Prize for Literature. The committee summed up their reasons as follows: “Because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West.” Even the decor of the cafe in south Kolkata has been designed to suit the ambience, with large portraits of Tagore at various lunch and dinner parties across the world, his framed write-ups on food, and of course softly played Tagore songs.

Questions:

(i) What is the central theme of Tagore's work according to the passage?

(ii) What is unique about the 'Cafe The' in Kolkata?

(iii) What did Tagore encourage the 'thakurs' in his ancestral palace to do?

(iv) What significant event is commemorated by a part of the menu card at 'Cafe The'?

(v) Find a word from the passage which has the same meaning as 'oeuvre'.

(vi) Write the verb form of 'publication'.

(vii) Find a word from the passage opposite in meaning to  'continental'.

(viii) Write the adverb form of 'innate'.

(viii) What do you understand by “cross-cultural cuisine”?

(ix) Which of the following countries did Tagore visit that influenced his culinary tastes?
A) Italy
B) China
C) Russia
D) Japan

(x) Why did the Nobel Prize committee award Tagore the Nobel Prize for Literature?
A) For his novels
B) For his essays on freedom
C) For his profoundly sensitive, fresh, and beautiful verse
D) For his culinary contributions
An air-conditioned office seems an unlikely place for a work related injury. Yet, more and more white collar workers in high-tech offices are complaining of disorders involving hands, wrists, arms, shoulders, neck and back. The common factor in most cases is swelling and growing pain at one of these sites. The many variations of this problem are now covered by a common name - Repetitive Stress Injury (RSI), also commonly known as Cumulative Trauma Disorder. No statistics are available for India, but the US Bureau of Labour Statistics recently reported that in their heavily mechanized work environment, 48 per cent of all occupational injuries were RSI.
2. With computer keyboards becoming almost standard equipment, Repetitive Stress Injury crop up most frequently in modem offices. But anyone who spends long hours in repetitive motion every day is at the risk of injuring the muscles and joints involved. This includes post office staff involved in nonstop sorting and stamping, assembly line workers and packers. Swollen finger joints are common complaint of children who earn their living by rolling thousands of bidis a day. Musicians and athletes in heavy practice can also be struck by RSI. The condition could begin with the occasional ache or numbness, later leading to a permanently painful condition. Why are Repetitive Stress Injuries in the limelight now, although people have been working at repetitive stress jobs since time immemorial? Why didn't the typists who slaved over stiff typewriter's complain of RSI, while modem operators working on "soft-touch" keyboards need treatment for swollen wrists? To some extent, such injuries probably went unreported. (What was earlier known as a tennis elbow or housemaid's knee would now be called a Repetitive Stress Injury!)
3. But there are also other reasons, say RSI specialists. Jobs are becoming more specialized. A few decades ago, the office clerk got relief from the key-board when he got up to file, attended the phone or walked to other departments. Now that everything from record-search to faxing, proof reading to filing is done on the computer, the office worker is pounding the keyboard almost non-stop all day. There's less old fashioned paper insertion or carriage-throwing and that adds to the speed and productivity. Less office space means tight seating, with limited leg room and no place to stretch.
4. RSI experts also blame the pressure of modem day working life. The need to appear "on top of the work", performance anxiety and the fear of being laid off all make the average office worker a bundle of stress that affects muscle tension. Individual habits also increase the risk of RSI. Working on the key- board while cradling a receiver between neck and shoulder, stretching the neck to read the screen or hitting the keys with excess force are some traits which put extra strain on hand and neck joints. The risk of RSI goes up significantly when your workstation makes you operate in an unnatural posture: a monitor that makes you look upwards all the time, a keyboard that bends your wrists awkwardly, a chair that gives no back support or a writing surface that is too high. "The human body can take heavy duty but it protests with misuse," says one orthopaedic specialist.
(i) What are the complaints by victims of RSI?
(ii) What is the main cause of RSI?
(iii) Who are the people most vulnerable to RSI?
(iv) What are the symptoms of RSI?
(v) What is the opinion of orthopaedic doctors about human body?
(vi) The most unlikely place for a work related injury is
a) playground $\quad$ b) library
c) garden $\quad$ d) air-conditioned office
(vii) The painful condition of RSI can be reached
a) all of these $\quad$ b) rolling bidis
c) heavy practice by athletes $\quad$ d) stamping post
(viii) Risk of RSI goes up due to
a) a keyboard that bends your wrists awkwardly
b) unnatural posture
c) a chair that gives no back support
d) all of these
(ix) RSI was earlier known as
a) tennis elbow $\quad$ b) housemaid's knee
c) golfer's elbow $\quad$ d) both tennis elbow and housemaid's knee
(x) People are familiar with repetitive stress injuries for the last few decades.
a) True $\quad$ b) False
(A) Drawing one of the strongest links yet between global warming and human conflict, researchers said on March 02, 2015 that an extreme drought in Syria between 2006 and 2009 was most likely due to climate change, and that it was a factor in the violent uprising that began there in 2011.

(B) The drought was the worst in the country in modern times and the scientists laid the blame for it on a century-long trend towards warmer and drier conditions in the eastern Mediterranean, rather than on the natural climate variability.

(C) The researchers said this trend matched computer simulations as how the region responds to the increase in the greenhouse-gas emissions and the cause appeared to be due to two factors-weakening of winds that bring moisture-laden air from the Mediterranean and hotter temperatures that cause more evaporation.

(D) Colin P. Kelley, the lead author of the study, said he and his colleagues found that while Syria and the rest of the region known as the Fertile Crescent were normally subject to periodic dry periods, “a drought this severe was two to three times more likely” because of the increasing aridity in the region.

(E) Dr. Kelley, who did the research while at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and is now at the University of California at Santa Barbara, said there was no apparent natural cause for the warming and drying trend, which developed over the last 100 years, when humans’ effect on climate has been the greatest.

(F) Some social scientists policymakers and others have previously suggested that the drought played a role in the Syrian unrest, and the researchers addressed this as well, saying the drought “had a catalytic effect”.

(G) They cited studies that showed the extreme dryness, combined with other factors, including misguided agricultural and water use policies of the Syrian government, causing crop failures that led to the migration of as many as 1.5 million people from rural to urban areas. This added to the social stress that eventually resulted in the uprising against Bashar al-Assad in March 2011.

(H) What began as civil war has since escalated into a multifaceted conflict, with at least 2,00,000 deaths. The United Nations estimates that half of the country’s 22 million people have been affected, with more than six million having been internally displaced. The researchers said that there were many factors that contributed to the chaos. The US military has described climate change as a “threat multiplier” that may lead to a greater instability. Earlier studies trying to show a link between climate change and conflict have been rebutted by some scientists, and it is not clear how far this new study will go toward settling the issue.

(I) Thomas Bernauer, a professor of Political Science at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich who has been critical of some earlier studies, said he was sceptical about this one as well. “The evidence for the claim that this drought contributed to the outbreak of civil war in Syria is very speculative and not backed up by robust scientific evidence,” he wrote in an email.

(J) Mark A. Cane, an author of the study and a scientist at Lamont-Doherty, which is part of Columbia University, defended the work. “I think there’s a really good case here “he said. “But I think we’ve tried to explain that the connection from an extraordinary climate event to conflict is complex and certainly involves other factors.”

Questions:

(i) When did the extreme drought in Syria occur?

(ii) What was the primary cause of the extreme drought in Syria according to the researchers?

(iii) What role did the drought play in the Syrian uprising according to the researchers?

(iv) What is the estimated number of deaths due to the conflict in Syria?

(v) Find a word from the passage which has the same meaning as  'escalated'.

(vi) Write the verb form of 'migration'.

(vii) Find a word from the passage opposite in meaning to 'increase'.

(viii) Write the adverb form of 'apparent'.

(ix) What are the two factors mentioned in the passage that contributed to the severe drought in Syria?

A) Increased rainfall and stronger winds
B) Weakening of winds that bring moisture-laden air and hotter temperatures causing more evaporation
C) Decreased greenhouse-gas emissions and cooler temperatures
D) Increased moisture in the air and lower temperatures

(x) Who described climate change as a “threat multiplier” that may lead to greater instability?
A) The United Nations
B) The US military
C) Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
D) The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
(A) Since its formation over 4.5 billion years ago, the Earth has been hit many times by asteroids and comets whose orbits bring them into the inner solar system. These objects, collectively known as ‘Near Earth Objects’ or NEOs, still pose a danger to the Earth today. Near Earth Objects (NEOs) are comets and asteroids that have been nudged by the gravitational attraction of nearby planets into orbits that allow them to enter the Earth’s neighbourhood. Composed mostly of water or ice with embedded dust particles, Comets are originally formed in the cold outer planetary system while most of the rocky asteroids are formed in the warmer inner solar system between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The scientific interest in comets and asteroids is largely due to their status as the relatively unchanged remnant debris from the solar system formation process some 4.6 billion years ago. The giant outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune) formed from an agglomeration of billions of comets and the leftover bits and pieces from this formation process are the comets we see today. Likewise, today’s asteroids are the bits and pieces left over from the initial agglomeration of the inner planets that include Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.

(B) As the primitive, leftover building blocks of the solar system formation process, comets and asteroids offer clues to the chemical mixture from which the planets formed some 4.6 billion years ago. If we wish to know the composition of the primordial mixture from which the planets are formed, then we must determine the chemical constituents of the leftover debris from this formation process-the comets and asteroids. Depending on the size of the impacting object, such a collision can cause massive damage on local to global scales. It is an astronomical certainty that sometime in the future Earth will undergo another cosmic impact. There is strong scientific evidence that cosmic collisions have played a major role in the mass extinctions documented in Earth’s fossil record. That such cosmic collisions can still occur today was demonstrated graphically in 1994 when Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 broke apart and 21 fragments, some as large as 2 km in diameter, crashed into the atmosphere of Jupiter. If these fragments had impacted on Earth instead, we would have suffered a global catastrophy!

(C) The earth is occasionally hit by craggy remnants of creation known to cross the Earth’s path. These lie in a loose belt between Mars and Jupiter like so much rubble left over from creation. The first asteroid was too faint to be seen by the naked eye. It was discovered by an Italian monk named Giuseppe Piazzi in Palermo, Sicily. The largest found is about 8 km wide.

(D) Slamming into the Earth at roughly 26 km a second, a large asteroid could explode with the force of a million hydrogen bombs, lifting enough rock and dust to block most sunlight. Cold and darkness could last for months, destroying agriculture, leading to the death of a billion or more people from starvation.

(E) The dangers posed by these intruders in the inner solar system are not the subject of serious scientific investigation. “The risk is real” said Dr. David Morrison, Chairman of the study undertaken by nearly 100 scientists of NASA. Dr. Morrison further says that the asteroid threat has dawned on scientists only slowly as it is hard for the layman to comprehend. But the fact, he said, is that mankind lives in a kind of cosmic shooting gallery.

(F) What can be done if one of these surveys finds an asteroid on a collision course with the Earth? Scientists and engineers are looking at ways of using a spacecraft to gently change orbit of an asteroid.

Questions:

(i) What are Near Earth Objects (NEOs)?

(ii) Why is there scientific interest in comets and asteroids?

(iii) Who discovered the first asteroid and where?

(iv) What catastrophic effects could a large asteroid impact have on Earth?

(v) Find a word from the passage which has the same meaning as 'primitive'.

(vi) Write the verb form of 'collision'.

(vii) Find a word from the passage opposite in meaning to 'cold'.

(viii) Write the adverb form of 'massive'.

(ix) What event demonstrated that cosmic collisions can still occur today?
A) The impact of asteroids on Mars
B) The collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter
C) The discovery of the first asteroid by Giuseppe Piazzi
D) The launch of NASA's asteroid survey

(x) What is one proposed method to prevent an asteroid collision with Earth?
A) Using nuclear weapons to destroy the asteroid
B) Evacuating the Earth’s population
C) Using a spacecraft to gently change the orbit of the asteroid
D) Constructing a large shield around the Earth
(A) In spite of all the honours that were heaped upon him, Pasteur, as it has been said, remained simple at heart. Perhaps, the imagery of his boyhood days, when he drew the familiar scenes of his birthplace and his longing to be a great artist, never wholly left him.

(B) In truth, he did become a great artist, although he abandoned the brush forever after the age of 16. Like every artist of worth, he put his whole soul and energy into his work, and it was this very energy that in the end wore him out. For him, each sufferer was something more than just a case that has to be cured. He looked upon the fight against hydrophobia as a battle, and he was absorbed in his determination to win.

(C) The sight of injured children particularly moved him to an indescribable extent. He suffered with his patients, and yet he would not deny himself a share in their suffering. His greatest grief was when sheer physical exhaustion made him give up his active work. He retired to the estate at Villeneuve Etang, where he had his kennels for the study of rabies, and there he passed his last summer, as his great biographer, Vallery Radot, has said, “practicing the Gospel virtues.” “He revered the faith of his fathers,” says the same writer, “and wished without ostentation or mystery to receive its aid during his last period.”

(D) The attitude of this man to the science he had done so much to perfect can be best summed up in a sentence that he is reputed once to have uttered, concerning the materialism of many of his contemporaries in similar branches of learning to his own: “The more I contemplate the mysteries of Nature, the more my faith becomes like that of a peasant.” But even then, in that pain, he loved to see his former pupils and it was then that he would reiterate his life’s principles, that is ‘never cease to work’. So well had he kept his precept, that he rapidly began to sink from exhaustion.

(E) Finally, on September 27,1895, when someone leaned over his bed to offer him a cup of milk, he said sadly, “I cannot”. With a look of perfect resignation and peace, he seemed to have fallen asleep. He never again opened his eyes to the cares and sufferings of the world, which he had done so much to relieve and to conquer. He was within three months of his seventy-third birthday. Thus passed, as simply as a child, the man whom the French people were to vote plebiscite as the greatest man that France had ever produced. Napoleon, who has always been considered the idol of France, was placed fifth. No greater tribute could have been paid to Louis Pasteur, the tanner’s son, the scientist, the man of peace, the patient worker forfor for humanity.

Questions:

(i) What did Pasteur long to be in his boyhood days?

(ii) At what age did Pasteur abandon using the brush forever?

(iii) Where did Pasteur retire to after giving up his active work?

(iv) What was Pasteur's attitude towards the faith of his fathers?

(v) Find a word from the passage which has the same meaning as 'resignation'.

(vi) Write the verb form of 'contemplation'.

(vii) Find a word from the passage opposite in meaning to 'active'.

(viii) Write the adverb form of 'perfect'.

(ix) When did Pasteur pass away?
A) On his seventieth birthday
B) On September 27, 1895
C) In the summer at Villeneuve Etang
D) Three months after his seventy-third birthday

(x) Who was considered the idol of France before Pasteur was voted as the greatest man?
A) Louis Pasteur   B) Vallery Radot   
C) Napoleon         D) A peasant
When I heard the learn'd astronomer,
When the proofs, the figures, were ranged in columns before me,
When I was shown the charts and diagrams, to add, divide, and measure them,
When I, sitting, heard the astronomer where he lectured with much applause in the lecture room, How soon unaccountable I became tired and sick,
Till rising and gliding out I wander'd off by myself
In the mystical moist night air, and from time to time,
Look'd up in perfect silence at the stars.
- Walt Whitman
(i) Which of the following statements represents the main theme of the poem?
a) Technology causes more problems than it solves.
b) Nature is one's best source of recreation.
c) Science cannot fully express the wonder of the world
d) Learning causes one to become ill and fatigued.
(ii) In line 5, what is conveyed by the phrase, tired and sick?
(iii) What is the main purpose of the phrase, perfect silence in the last line of the poem?
a) to convey a sense of loneliness and sorrow
b) to contrast with the sounds in the lecture room
c) to explain why he has to leave the lecture room
d) to highlight the pleasure of science and learning
iv) What do the last three lines of the poem suggest?
a) the importance of learning about astronomy
b) the dangers of losing track of time
c) the importance of personal experience with nature
d) the dangers of wandering off alone
v) Which of the following is the best synonym for the word, learn'd as it is used in line I ?
a) remembered
b) knowledgeable
c) aware
d) invented
(vi) In line 5, which of the following poetic device is used in much applause ?
a) Imagery
b) Simile
c) Alliteration
d) Repetition
(vii) The rhyming scheme of the poem is ____________.
a) ababa
b) Free verse
c) abca
d) aabbc
(viii) What does the astronomer symbolize in the poem?
a) knowledge of nature
b) scientific knowledge and humanity's desire to understand nature through the means of science
c) a person well-versed in mathematics and science
d) humanity's desire to understand spiritual arts
(ix) What does the line 2 and 3, tell us about the astronomer?
a) He has a vast knowledge of nature.
b) He is very famous and entertaining
c) He is well-versed in spiritual arts.
d) He is well-versed in mathematics and science.
(x) What was the astronomer lecturing on?