Describe the general rules of Carolus Linnaeus's binomial system.

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Publications of Carolus Linnaeus' binomial system. The rules are as follows:
(1) Biological names are generally in Latin and written in italics. They are Latinised or derived from Latin irrespective of their origin.
(2) The first word in a biological name represents the genus while the second component denotes the specific epithet.
(3) Both the words in a biological name, when handwritten, are separately underlined, or printed in italies to indicate their Latin origin
(4) The first word denoting the genus starts with a capital letter while the specific epithet starts with a small letter. It can be illustrated with the example of Mangifera indica.
Name of the author appears after the specific epithet, i.e., at the end of the biological name and is written in an abbreviated form, e.g., Mangifera indica Linn. It indicates that this species was first described by Linnaeus.

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In addition to proteins, viruses also contain genetic material, that could be either RNA or DNA. No virus contains both RNA and DNA. A virus is a nucleoprotein and the genetic material is infectious. In general, viruses that infect plants have single stranded RNA and viruses that infect animals have either single or double stranded RNA or double stranded DNA. Bacterial viruses or bacteriophages (viruses that infect the bacteria) are usually double stranded DNA viruses. The protein coat called capsid made of small subunits called capsomeres, protects the nucleic acid. These capsomeres are arranged in helical or polyhedral geometric forms. Viruses cause diseases like mumps, small pox, herpes and influenza. AIDS in humans is also caused by a virus. In plants, the symptoms can be mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling, yellowing and vein clearing, dwarfing and stunted growth.

(1) Viruses are made up of:
(a) Proteins & DNA
(b) Proteins only
(c) Proteins & RNA
(d) Proteins & DNA / RNA

(2) Bacteriophages are usually :
(a) Single stranded DNA viruses
(b) Double stranded RNA viruses
(c) Double stranded DNA viruses
(d) Single stranded RNA viruses

(3) Which is not a viral disease of humans:
(a) Pneumonia (b) Herpes (c) Mumps (d) Smallpox

(4) Select the incorrect statement regarding Capsomeres:
(a) Capsomeres are sub-units of Capsid
(b) Capsomeres are made of peptidoglycans
(c) Capsomeres may be arranged in helix or polyhedron
(d) Capsomeres are made of proteins

(5) Which of these is not a symptom of viral infection in crops:
(a) Leaf rolling (b) Curling of leaf (c) Decay of roots (d) Vein clearing

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Each flower normally has four floral whorls, viz., calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. The calyx is the outermost whorl of the flower and the members are called sepals. Corolla is composed of petals. Petals are usually brightly coloured to attract insects for pollination. The mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in floral bud with respect to the other members of the same whorl is known as aestivation. The main types of aestivation are valvate, twisted, imbricate. The shape and colour of corolla vary greatly in plants. Corolla may be tubular, bell- shaped, funnel-shaped or wheel-shaped and vexillary.

i. Observe the given figure mentioned A, B, C and D. Also mention its function. Identify D and mention its example. (1)
ii. Ganosepalous, Ganopetalous, Polysepalous, Polypetalous, Imbricate. (1)
iii. What is Valvate and twisted aestivation? (2)

OR

Which of the following shows imbricate? Explain imbricate aestivation? (2)

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Various parts of the plant such as stems leaves, and even fruits are modified into underground parts to perform various functions such as stems, leaves, and even fruits.
The stems in ginger and banana are underground and swollen due to storage of food. They are called rhizome. Rhizome of ginger is a modification of stem because it bears nodes, internodes, terminal buds, scaly leaves and buds, which give rise to aerial shoots. It is not a root because root does not have nodes and internodes. Also, rhizome does not perform the function of roots i.e. anchorage and absorption, rather it serve as reservoir for storage of food. Similarly, corm is an underground stem in Colocasia (jimikand) The tips of the underground stem in potato become swollen due to accumulation of food and forms tuber.

i. Observe the given flow chart and mention what are the four types of Underground stem modification also mention one example of each. (1)
ii. Ginger is an underground stem but why it is distinguished from a root? (1)
iii. Why do the tips of modified stems in potatoes become swollen? (2)

OR

Are all underground parts of a plant roots? (2)

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There are thousands of different eubacteria or 'true bacteria'. They are characterized by the presence of a rigid cell wall, and if motile, a flagellum. The cyanobacteria (also referred to as blue-green algae) have chlorophyll a similar to green plants and are photosynthetic autotrophs. The cyanobacteria are unicellular, colonial or filamentous, freshwater/marine or terrestrial algae. The colonies are generally surrounded by gelatinous sheath. They often form blooms in polluted water bodies. Some of these organisms can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialized cells called heterocysts, e.g., Nostoc and Anabaena. Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria oxidise various inorganic substances such as nitrates, nitrites and ammonia and use the released energy for their ATP production. They play a great role in recycling nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous. iron and Sulphur.

(1) Which of the following can be termed as 'Photosynthetic Autotrophs'
(a) All monerans (b) Chemosynthetic Bacteria (c) Cyanobacteria (d) All Eubacteria

(2) Blue green algae are characterized by :
(a) They often form blooms in polluted water bodies.
(b) Some of these organisms can fix atmospheric nitrogen
(c) Their colonies are generally surrounded by gelatinous sheath.
(d) All of these

(3) Which is incorrect about Heterocysts:
(a) These are specialized cells
(b) These are present in all Cyanobacteria.
(c) Nostoc and Anabaena have Heterocysts.
(d) Organisms having these cells can fix atmospheric nitrogen

(4) Green plants are similar to Blue green algae in having:
(a) chlorophyll a (b) Heterocysts (c) chlorophyll b (d) None of these

(5) Which of these can be described as ‘true Bacteria’.
(a) Cyanobacteria only
(b) Only Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria
(c) Bacteria without cell wall.
(d) Eubacteria

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Explain the differences between dorsiventral leaf and isobilateral leaf.
Difference between the cortex of mono- cotyledon and dicotyledon stem:

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Write any four economic importance of Pteridophyta.

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Sarcodines are unicellular/jelly-like protozoa found in fresh or sea water and in moist soil. Their body lacks a periplast. Therefore, they may be naked or covered by a calcareous shell. They usually lack flagella and have temporary protoplasmic outgrowths called pseudopodia. These pseudopodia or false feet help in movement and capturing prey. They include free-living forms such as Amoeba or parasitic forms such as Entamoeba. Zoo flagellates ciliates and I sporozoans are other groups of protozoan protists. They are all unicellular and heterotrophic. They may be holozoic, saprobic or parasitic.

i. Write two lines about flagellated protozoans and also mention some flagellated protozoans. (1)
ii. Observe the given protozoan classification and mention what is the basis of protozoan classification. (1)
iii. Mention some locomotory organs of protozoa. (2)

OR

Which protozoan group has two nuclei, macronucleus, and micronucleus? Mention characteristics of it. (2)

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The conifer forests of the world cover huge areas of land and provide the largest terrestrial carbon sink. Conifers are also valued economically; their softwood is used for the production of timber, they are used to cultivate pine nuts, and the berries of the juniper bush are used to flavour gin. As in all other vascular plants, gymnosperms have a sporophyte dominant life cycle (the sporophyte is the diploid multicellular stage, which comprises the body of the plant, i.e., a leafy tree).The gametophyte phase is relatively short, and sees gametes produced on the reproductive organs.

(1) For a plant species to be 'dioecious', it must:
(a) Reproduce asexually
(b) Have both male and female organs
(c) Have separate male and female individuals
(d) Not reproduce

(2) Which division of the gymnosperms is most commonly used to create paper?
(a) Conifers (b) Cycads (c) Gnetophyta (d) Gingkophyta(3) What role does the cone have in the gymnosperm life cycle?
(a) It is the seed
(b) It is the male gametophyte
(c) It is the reproductive body
(d) It feeds the embryo

(4) Conifers are adapted to tolerate extreme environmental conditions because of
(a) broad hardy leaves.
(b) superficial stomata.
(c) thick cuticle
(d) presence of vessel(5) Cycas and Adiantum resemble each other in having:
(a) seeds (b) motile sperms (c) cambium (d) vessels

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The morphology of the mycelium, mode of spore formation, and fruiting bodies form the basis for the division of the fungi kingdom into various classes which include four sub-division Phycomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes. Members of Phycomycetes are found in aquatic habitats and on decaying wood in moist and damp places or as obligate parasites on plants, ascomycetes are mostly multicellular. The asexual spores are conidia produced exogenously on the special mycelium called conidiophores. Basidiomycetes are mushrooms, bracket fungi or puffballs. They grow in soil, on logs and tree stumps and in living plant bodies as parasites. The basidiospores are exogenously produced on the basidium.

Classification of Fungi
Phycomycetes (Lower Fungi)	Ascomycetes (Sac Fungi)	Basidiomycetes (Club Fungi)	Deuteromycetes (Fungi imperfecti)
Saprolegnia	Yeast	Agaricus	Cercospora
Rhizopus	Aspergillus	Polyporus	Collectotrichum
Mucor	Pencillium	Puccinia	Trichoderma
Albugo	Neurospora	Ustilago	Pyricularia
Pythium	Peziza	Lycoperdon	Fusarium

i. Observed given table of Classification of Fungi and identify the class of fungi in which asexual spores are not found, vegetative reproduction occurs by fragmentation, and sexual organs are absent. (1)
ii. Where are Members of Phycomycetes found? (1)
iii. What is ascomycetes? What is the characteristic feature of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes? (2)

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Identify the figure given below. Also, mention its characteristics. (2)

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Write any four differences between afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole.

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PART - 1 - Unit I : CH - 1 The Living World — BIOLOGY STD 11 Science — Question

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