Question
Describe the methods of studying various first order reactions with examples.

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Explain the various methods of determining the order of a reaction.
  1. Complete the following chemical equations for reactions:
i. $\text{MnO}_{4(aq)}^{-}+\text{S}_{2}\text{O}_{3(aq)}^{2-}+\text{H}_{2}\text{O}_{(l)}\rightarrow$
ii. $\text{Cr}_{2}\text{O}^{-}_{7(aq)}+\text{H}_{2}\text{S}_{(g)}+\text{H}^{+}_{(aq)}\rightarrow$
  1. Give an explanation for each of the following, observations:
  1. The gradual decrease in size $($actinoid contraction$)$ from element to element is greater among the .actinoids than that among the lanthanoids $($lanthanoid contraction$).$
  2. The greatest number of oxidation states are exhibited by the members in the middle of a transition series.
  3. With the same d-orbital configuration $(d^4) Cr^{2+}$ ion is a reducing agent but $Mn^{3+}$ ion is an oxidising agent.
Match the terms given in Column I with expressions given in Column II.
  Column I   Column II
i. Mass percentage a. $\frac{\text{Number of moles of the solute component}}{\text{Volume of solution in litres}}$
ii. Volume percentage b. $\frac{\text{Number of moles of a component}}{\text{Total number of moles of all the components}}$
iii. Mole fraction c. $\frac{\text{Volume of the solute component in solution}}{\text{Total volume of solution}}\times100$
iv. Molality d. $\frac{\text{Mass of the solute component in solution}}{\text{Total mass of the solution}}\times100$
v. Molarity e. $\frac{\text{Number of moles of the solute components}}{\text{Mass of solvent in kilograms}}$
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What is called a battery? Explain its characteristics and describe dry cell and mercury cell.
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