Molecular Basis of Inheritance — BIOLOGY STD 12 Science — Question

Explain: Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance.###Briefly mention the contribution of T.H. Morgan in genetics.

Microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. In our mind, we presume, most of the time, that microbes are always harmful. Microbes are, of course, the causal agents of many infections diseases of plants and animals including humans but they also have lots of beneficial role. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are one of this kind of useful group. These are Gram positive, non-sporulating, either rod-shaped or spherical bacteria. They produce lactic acid in milk products as major metabolic end product of carbohydrate fermentation. LAB are considered as natural fermentors. Lactobacillus is a common LAB which converts lactose sugar of milk into lactic acid, that causes coagulation and partial digestion of milk protein casein. Milk is then changed into curd, yoghurt and cheese. Lactobacillus is also used in probiotics which have potentially beneficial effect on gut ecosystem of humans. Some other probiotic strain used belong to the Genus Bifidobacterium.

1. Which of the following is not considered as microorganisms?

1. Bacteriophage.
2. Streptococcus.
3. Porphyra.
4. Staphylococcus.

2. Select the incorrect option regarding the characteristics of lactic acid bacteria.

1. They are rod-shaped or spherical.
2. They are Gram positive.
3. They take part in carbohydrate fermentation.
4. They are acid intolerant.

3. Which of the following is not a lactic acid producing bacteria?

1. Streptococcus.
2. Lactococcus.
3. Saccharomyces.
4. Enterococcus.

4. Probiotics are:

1. Gut friendly live bacteria.
2. Acid balancing alternated bacteria.
3. Beneficial amount of dead bacteria.
4. Gram negative attenuated bacteria.

5. Assertion: Lactobacillus bacteria do not retain crystal violet stain while staining.

Reason: Lactobacillus have a very thin layer of peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:

A woman unable to conceive after many years of regular unprotected coitus went to specialised infertility clinic. On complete examination, woman was found to be normal, while male partner was diagnosed with infertility. Male partner is unable to copulate the female. Couple was advised to opt for assisted reproductive technology (ART).

1. Which ART could have been useful for this couple?

1. ZIFT
2. IUT
3. AI
4. GIFT

2. In which of the following infertility issues could this technique be used?

1. Anovulation.
2. Oligospermia.
3. Low fructose content in seminal fluid.
4. All of these.

3. Which among the following techniques is useful to conceive when there is very low sperm count?

1. GIFT
2. Test-tube baby
3. IUT
4. JCSI

4. Assertion: Artificial insemination (AI) is intra-uterine insemination.

Reason: In Al, sperms collected from donor are introduced into the uterus.

1. Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
3.  Assertion is true, but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false

5. Success rate of artificial insemination technique is:

1. 20-40%
2. 60-70%
3. 40-50%
4. 5-7%

Explain pBR322 with its cloning sites, enzymes with well labeled diagram.###Explain: cloning sites. (Diagram is not necessary)

A patient is suffering from ADA deficiency. Can he be cured? How?

Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:

Ananya is a biologist, her research guide assigned project, i.e., to determine the effect ofin tra-specific competition on the growth of sapling of Eucalyptus. For this, she designed an experiment in which two sets of pots were used. ln the first set (set A) only I sapling was planted per pot and in the other set (set B) 16 saplings were planted per pot. To check for the effect of intra-specific competition on allocation of resources, a decreasing amount of water was added to each set. The results have been graphically indicated. Which of the following conclusions can indicated as follows:

1. Which of the following statements can be concluded from the given study?

1. More resources are allocated to the root during low water conditions.
2. Competition for water among individuals of a population causes more root growth as compared to individuals who are growing alone.
3. Lesser leaves are formed under low water conditions.
4. Root growth is higher in individual grown singly as compared to individuals in populations.

2. Which of the following associations is an example of competitions?

1. Cuscuta and hedge plant.
2. Balanus and Cathamalus.
3. Cactus and moth.
4. Orchid and mango.

3. If '+' sign is assigned to beneficial interaction, '-' sign to detrimental and O sign to neutral interaction, then the population interaction of competition refers to:

1. +, +
2. -, -
3. +, -
4. +, 0

4. lntraspecific competition is more severe due to:

1. similar needs.
2. similar adaptations.
3. common resources.
4. all of these.

5. Assertion: Two members of a competing species may co-exist.

Reason: Different individuals of a species have different resource requirements.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:

When it comes to biopesticides, one of the most widely used fungi is Beauveria bassiana. It infects a range of insects like, pecan weevil, Colorado potato beetle, kudzu bug, etc. It causes a disease known as the white muscardine. Even after an insect is killed, the white mold continues to produce millions of new infective spores that are released into the environment. It is commercially formulated as products including Naturalis L, Mycotrol, BotaniGard, etc. Some other widely used molds are Trichoderma, Metarhizium, etc. Some of them release enzymes that dissolve potential pathogens, others form barriers around plant roots and make it impossible for harmful bacteria and pathogens to pass through.

1. The key benefits of the biopesticides are that they are:

1. Highly effective.
2. Target specific.
3. Reduced environmental risks.
4. all of these.

2. Naturalis-L is a conunercial formulation containing:

1. Bacterial biopesticide.
2. Fungal biopesticide.
3. Fungal biofertiliser.
4. Chemical pesticide.

3. Which of the following is used as an effective bacterial biopesticide?

1. Trichoderma.
2. Beauveria.
3. Bacillus thuringiensis.
4. All of these.

4. Baeuveria causes a disease called:

1. White muscardine.
2. Aspergillosis
3. Green muscardine.
4. Powdary mildews.

5. Assertion: Trichoderma, found in root ecosystem, exerts biological control over several plant pathogens.

Reason: Trichoderma release enzyme which inhibits growth of several disease causing pathogens.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Explain the inheritance of one gene by Punnett Square ?

Highlight five areas where biotechnology has influenced our lives.

For food related services, granting patent for transgenic organisms is becoming complicated. Explain with example.