Question
Detailed note on the mineral based Industries.
✓
Answer
$A.$ Iron and Steel Industries:
- It is a heavy industry and requires raw material in the form of iron ore, coal, limestone and manganese ore.
- It has to be located close to areas from where raw material is procured.
- The modern steel industry was established in $1864$ in Kulti in West Bengal.
- In $1907$ an industry was set up at Jamshedpur in Jharkhand.
- After independence a number of steel plants were set up with foreign collaboration.
- At present there are $10$ primary integrated iron and steel plants and around $200$ mini steel plants in the country.
- Vishakhapattanam is the only iron and steel centre located near the seacoast.
- The Steel Authority of India $(SAIL)$ manages the public sector iron and steel plants in India. India produces $2.7$ crore tonnes of steel.
- It is the second important metallurgical industry of India.
- Aluminum is light weight, has strength, malleability, good conductor of electricity, resists corrosion.
- It is used as an alloy. It can be mixed with tin, copper, zinc and magnesium.
- One tonne of aluminum can be produced from $6$ tonnes of bauxite by using $18600\ KW$ of electricity.
- Therefore this industry should be located close to the centres of raw material and electricity.
- There are $8$ aluminum plants in the country producing $62$ lakh tonnes of aluminum.
- They are located in West Bengal, Orissa, Chhatisgadh, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh and Tamilnadu.
- The Hindustan Copper Ltd. has two centres for refining copper at Maubhandar near Ghatshila in Singhbhum district and the other at khetri in jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan.
- A new copper project based on imported ore is being set up at Tuticorin.
- India is able to meet only half of her demand for copper so it has to import from Zambia, USA and Canada and Chile.
- This industry produces inorganic chemicals like sulphuric acid(used for manufacturing fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics, paints and dyestuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, and caustic soda and soda ash (used for manufacturing glass, paper, soap and detergents)
- Heavy organic chemicals include petrochemicals – which are used in the manufacture of synthetic fibres, rubber, plastic, dyestuff, drugs and pharmaceuticals.
- This industry also produces insecticides and pesticides to control pests in agriculture.
- India leads in the manufacturer of pharmaceuticals and has a $14\%$ share in exports.
- The first fertilizer plant was set up at Ranipet in Tamilnadu in $1906.$
- The real growth of the Industry started with the establishment of the plant at Sindri by the Fertilizer Corporation of India $(FCI)$ in $1951.$
- There is an increase in the demand of chemical fertilizer due to the Green Revolution and lack of natural manure.
- This industry has progressed in Gujarat, Kerala, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Tamilnadu. The industry has done well due to the easy availability of natural gas.
- India produces nitrogenous, phosphate and potash fertilizers.
- This industry requires heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, aluminum and gypsum. It also requires coal and electricity.
- The first cement plant was set up at Chennai in $1904.$
- Today there are $119$ large and $300$ mini cement plants in the country.
- The annual production of cement is about $10$ crore tonnes.
- India exports cement to South and East Asian countries.
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