Question
Explain breakdown of glucose by various pathways.
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Answer
- The food material taken in during the process of nutrition is used in cells to release energy.
- Diverse organisms do this in different ways.
- $(1)$ Some organisms use oxygen to breakdown glucose completely. That is through aerobic respiration.
- $(2)$ Some organisms use other pathway to breakdown glucose incompletely without use of oxygen. That is through anaerobic respiration.
- Breakdown of glucose:
- In all cases, the first step is the breakdown of a six carbon glucose molecule into a three carbon pyruvate molecule.
- This process takes place in the cytoplasm.
- Now, the metabolism of pyruvate depends on the presence or absence of oxygen.
- This can be done by three different pathways.
- Anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate:
- $(1)$ The pyruvate may be converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen. It is called anaerobic respiration.
- This process takes place in yeast during fermentation.
- $(2)$ When there is a lack of oxygen in our muscles cells, another anaerobic pathway for the breakdown of pyruvate ids taken.
- In this, pyruvate converted into lactic acid (three carbon molecule).
- Aerobic metabolism of pyruvate:
- The process of breakdown of three carbon pyruvate molecule into three molecules of carbon dioxide and water in presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration.
- This process of using oxygen takes place in the mitochondria.
- The energy released during aerobic respiration is greater than that of in the anaerobic respiration.
- The energy released during cellular respiration is immediately used to synthesise ATP molecules.
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