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Methods of pervasiveness and scientific exploration — Philosophy STD 12 Arts — Question

Gujarat BoardEnglish MediumSTD 12 ArtsPhilosophyMethods of pervasiveness and scientific exploration3 Marks
Question
Explain the manner in which the application is made.
✓

Answer

  • Mill's motto: "If the two or more instances under investigation have only one coincidence in common and the two or more instances in which the phenomenon does not have anything in common, but only the absence of coincidence, then these two The only coincidence that makes a difference in such instances is the consequence of that event or the essential part of the cause or cause. ”
  • The opposite procedure is subject to the following conditions:
  • $(1)$ Two or more instances of an incident under investigation should have been observed and only one coincidence should be found.
  • $(2)$ Two or more instances which are not mutually exclusive should have been observed and these instances should be sufficiently similar only to the absence of the coincidences mentioned above $(1),$
  • $(3)$ The examples mentioned in $(1)$ above and the examples mentioned in $(2)$ above should be identical in other ways, the only difference between them being that the coincidence which is present in the examples mentioned in $(1)$ above $(2)$ should be absent in the examples mentioned in.
  • Examples: $(1)$ People who are cholera patients drink contaminated water in all other ways.
  • $(2)$ People who are not cholera patients do not drink contaminated water in all other ways.
  • Contrary to many people's beliefs, drinking certain types of water can cause cholera.
  • Symbolic representation: Capital letters $(A, B, C, D)$ for predecessors of the event under investigation and lowercase for successors.
  • Using the letters $(a, b, c, d)$ the symbol representation of the opposite pattern is as follows:
As the event unfolds Incidents that do not occur
Emotional examples Lack of examples $\text{A B C D - a b c B C - b c A D E - a d e D E - d e}$
$\therefore $ a is the result of $A$ or $A$ is the cause of a because a part of the cause is essentially necessary.

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