Chemistry 1 Marks Question

The statement refers to the classification according to pharmacological effect of the drug because any drug which will be used to counteract the effect of excess acid in the stomach will be called antacid. Antacids are the medicinal agents which decreases the excess level of hydrochloric acid in stomach.

The products obtained are 2-deoxy-D-ribose, Phosphoric acid and thymine.

In a biological system, a protein is found to have a unique 3-dimensional structure and a unique biological activity. In such a situation, the protein is called native protein. However, when the native protein is subjected to physical changes such as change in temperature or chemical changes such as change in pH, its H-bonds are disturbed. This disturbance unfolds the globules and uncoils the helix. As a result, the protein loses its biological activity. This loss of biological activity by the protein is called denaturation.
During denaturation, the secondary and the tertiary structures of the protein get destroyed, but the primary structure remains unaltered. One of the examples of denaturation of proteins is the coagulation of egg white when an egg is boiled.

Vitamin C cannot be stored in our body because it is water soluble. As a result, it is readily excreted in the urine.

The amino acids exist as zwitter ions, H₃N⁺ — CHR-COO-. Due to this dipolar salt like character, they have strong dipole-dipole attractions. Therefore, their melting points are higher than corresponding haloacids which do not have salt like character.
Due to salt like character, amino acids intereact strongly with water. As a result, their solubility in water is higher than corresponding haloacids which do not have salt like character.

N - Methylbenzamine or N - methylaniline(2° amine)

In the helical structure of DNA, the two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between specific pairs of bases. Cytosine forms hydrogen bond with guanine, while adenine forms hydrogen bond with thymine. As a result, the two strands are complementary to each other.

Peptide linkage: In peptide linkage amide formed between -COOH groups of one molecule of an amino acid and -NH₂ group of another molecule of the amino acid by the elimination of a water molecules.

The solubility of a solute in a given solvent follows the rule ‘Li ke dissolves like’.Glucose contains five and sucrose contains eight -OH groups. These -OH groups form H-bonds with water. As a result of this extensive intermoleeular H-bonding, glucose and sucrose are soluble in water.On the other hand, benzene and cyclohexane do not contain -OH bonds and hence do not form H-bonds with water. Moreover, they are non-polar molecules and hence do not dissolve in polar water molecules.

Denaturation of proteins is a process in which physical and biological properties of protein without changing the chemical composition of protein. In an egg denaturation of protein is the coagulation of albumin present in the white of an egg. When egg is boiled in water, the globular proteins present in it changes to a rubber like insoluble mass which absorbs all water present in the egg.

Primary structure: The primary structure of protein refers to the specific sequence in which various amino acids are present in it, i.e., the sequence of linkages between amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The sequence in which amino acids are arranged is different in each protein. A change in the sequence creates a different protein.

Denaturation of proteins: Proteins are very sensitive to the action of heat, change of pH, presence of electrolytes and radiations (particularly of short wavelength). Whenever proteins are subjected to such changes in the surroundings, they undergo some structural changes leading to disruption of three dimensional structure. This causes permanent loss of activity to proteins. Disruption of the native conformation of protein, by changing its environment, resulting in loss of its biological activity, is known as denaturation of proteins.

Monosaccharides are carbohydrates Which cannot be hydrolysed to smaller molecules.Their general formula is (CH₂0)n Where n = 3 - 7 These are of two types: Those which contain an aldehyde group (-CHO) are called aldoses and those which contain a keto (C = O) group are called ketoses.
They are further classified as trioses, tetroses ,pentoses, hexoses and heptoses according as they contain 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 carbon atoms respectively For example.

Carbohydrates which reduces Fehling's solution to red precipitate of Cu₂0 or Tollen's reagent to metallic Ag are called reducing sugars. All monosaccharides (both aldoses and ketoses) and disaccharides except sucrose are reducing sugars. Thus, D - (+) - glucose, D-(-)-fructose, D - (+) - maltose and D - (+) - lactose are reducing sugars.

CH₃(CH₂)₂NH₂
1 - amino propane(primary)

Galactose and Glucose.

2 molecules of Glucose.

Carbohydrates which reduce Tollen’s reagent or Fehling solution are called reducing sugars which have free aldehydic group.

Glucose and fructose.

Amylopectin.

Amylose.

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA.

C₆H₅NH₂ < (C₂H₅)₂NH < C₂H₅NH_2.

4-chlorobenzenesulphonic acid

Both Glucose and Fructose are hexose sugars with six carbon atoms but, Glucose is an aldohexose and Fructose is ketohexose which means the functional group present in glucose is aldehyde and the functional group in fructose is ketone.

Glycogen.

Adenine and guanine.

Carbohydrates have chiral or asymmetric carbon atom.

(CH₃CH₂)₂ NCH₃
N - Ethyl - N - methylethanamine (3° amine)

The main structural feature of reducing sugars is the presence of an aldehyde group (-CHO) such as in glucose, mannose, galactose, etc. or a-ketol group (-CO- CH2OH) as present in fructose.

Streptokinase.

Globular proteins (Enzymes).

Valine is an essential amino acid whereas glycine is a non-essential amino acid.

Vitamin B, Vitamin C.

Ascorbic acid.

Uracil.

Liver and adipose tissue.