Physical Education 5 Marks Question

Aim Objectives:

• The committee shall attempt with mutual understanding to work together cooperatively on the activities that demands our service.
• This committee works with the commitment of being epitome of the cooperation and prompt action-service. In emergence of any sorts of program, the committee will make sure that the budget proposal is made prior to the importance of the event.
• The committee will also make sure that the necessary arrangements are made promptly, with arrangements owing to the satisfaction of the school administration.
• Strategy and Implementation: The committee will meet to discuss on the program promptly and find out ways to embark upon the task and the distribution of the works among the members.
• Propagate With Presentation: The works plan is to the teach faculty. After which the work will be distributed amongst the member of teaching staff. Align to it, students will also be pre-informed about the task.

Fixtures – In tournament, the total number of matches can be calculated by subtracting one team from the total number of teams. The teams which are given byes, do not play in the 1st round, Byes are given in the first round by which the number of teams playing in the later rounds is reduced by a power of 2. A league fixture of 16 teams is given below: Fixture-

An individual plays a very effective role in:

1. Maintaining sports facilities.
2. Using essential protective equipment.
3. Develop fitness of the sportsperson.
4. Taking care of climatic conditions and deciding physical activities accordingly.
5. Learning of proper skills.
6. Proper officiating and coaching.
7. Stress on drugs free environment.
8. Emphasis on the attitude and behaviour of coaches and other officials.

1. Arrangement committee.
2. Technical committee.
3. Transport committee.
4. Boarding and lodging committee.
5. Decoration committee.
6. Ground and equipment committee.
7. Refreshment committee.
8. Committee for officials.
9. Announcement committee.
10. First aid committee.

keeping the below mentioned points into consideration one can justify:

1. Health.
2. Self esteem.
3. Goal setting values.
4. Money.
5. Work.
6. Play.
7. Learning.
8. Creativity.
9. Helping.
10. Love.
11. Friends.
12. Children.
13. Relatives.
14. Home.
15. Neighborhood.
16. Community.

19 Teams single elimination:

Specific sports programmes are such programmes of sports which are not usually related to competitions. These programmes have various objectives such as creating awareness among people regarding unity. Health and diseases like AIDS, Swine flu, etc. and raising funds for charitable institutions or organisations. Such programmes may be organised for the promotion and maintenance of health among people.
These are described as follows:

1. Health Runs: It is organised by health department, sports department or social department.
2. Run For Fun: It is organised to motivate the people to exercise regularly and stay healthy.
3. Run for Unity: A run is organised with a specific purpose, i.e. to show unity and peace among the people of different religious.
4. Run for Awareness: It is organised for creating awareness among the people about prostate cancer, breast cancer, anxiety and depression, environmental pollution, educating the girls, AIDS and Swine flu, etc.
5. Run For Specific Causes: It is a run which is related to a good and noble causes.

Isotonic strength (Dynamic Strength): The word isotonic is comprised of two word "ISO" means ‘same’ and tonic means tone. Involves movement of muscles ie. Shortening and lengthening of muscles. In these type of exercise we can observe movements directly. The length of muscle can be seen and called, eccentric contraction and concentric contraction accordingly, Eg. When we throw a ball, jump, Run, weight training. We can observe these type of movement widely in games and sports. These exercises can be done with or without equipments. They are best for strength development and are good for conditioning in sports like, callisthenic exercise, light Rhythmic exercise, exercise with light weight.

Causes of knock knee:

• Faulty standing posture.
• Rickets.
• Obesity.
• Weakness of muscles and ligaments of knee region.
• Wearing improper shoes.
• Carrying heavy weight at early age.
• Deficiency of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus.

Corrective measures for knock knee:

• Horse riding
• Padmasana and Gomukhasana
• Keeping pillow between the knee while standing.
• Use of walking calipers
• Walking along a straight line with knee facing outwords.
• Side kicking in football.
• Supplements as advised by doctor.

Causes of Scoliosis:

• Weakening of spinal muscle in one side.
• Due to infantile paralysis, rickets.
• Heavy load on Shoulder
• Due to Some Diseases or injuries such as cerebral palsy.
• Due to poor light.
• Wrong habit of sitting/ Wrong sitting posture.
• Partial deafness.
• May be congenital or acquired abnormalities of vertebras.

Corrective measures for Scoliosis:

• Breast Stroke in Swimming.
• Pull–ups/ Hanging on Horizontal Bar.
• Banding exercise on the opposite side of ‘C’ curve.
• Flexion, extension, side ward flexion of the spine.

Circuit Training:

1. Circuit training is the training method in which certain exercises of various kinds are performed with or without apparatus with given intensity.
2. Circuit training is a type of resistance training that uses high intensity aerobic exercises in order to increase muscular strength and endurance.
3. It is a scientific arrangement of exercises, performed systematically and repeatedly as circuit.
4. It is a workout technique involving a set of exercises performed in circuit/ rotation with minimal rest, often using different apparatus.

Advantage of circuit Training:

1. It can easily be structured to provide a training of whole body.
2. It can be adjusted to suit age, fitness and health of the individual.
3. It can be done in large groups.
4. Trainee is able to gain good results in a short period.
5. The coach can easily watch and supervise the training.
6. It is ideal for the people who don’t have much time spare for regular exercise.
7. It can be administered inside or outside.
8. Minimum number of equipment is required for this training.
9. It is less cost effective.

Macro nutrients constitute the majority of an individual’s diet. They include fats, proteins, Carbohydrates, and water. It can be said that they are taken in large amount.
Carbohydrates:
ROLE:

1. Act as major fuel for muscular contraction.
2. It provides the energy to our body.
3. It helps to maintain body weight and body temperature of the body.
4. Important for different digestive operations in our body.

Sources: Rice, wheat, potatoes, beetroot, Sugarcane, sweet fruits and vegetables. Etc.
Fats:

ROLE:

1. It provides heat and energy to the body.
2. It protects the body from extreme cold and hot climate.
3. Helps in regulation of body temperature.
4. It also helps to protect internal organs of the body.

Sources:

• Vegetables sources: Edible oil,dry fruits, sweet potatoes, whole corn, food grains.
• Animal Sources: Meat, milk, batter, Ghee, eggs, curd, food grains, fish etc.

Proteins:
ROLE:

1. It also plays an important role in the physical and mental development of an individual.
2. Necessary for our growth and development and for repairing the wear and tear of tissues.
3. It helps in the formation of enzymes and hormones and also act as a source of energy.
4. Transport oxygen and nutrient.
5. Regulates balance of water and acid.

Sources: pulses, beans, cheese, milk, vegetables, fish, meat, eggs, etc.
Water:

ROLE:

1. Helps in transportation of nutrients to cells of body.
2. Regulates body temperature.
3. Vital for various chemical reactions taking place in the body.
4. Essential for body metabolism.
5. Keeps the body hydrated.

Sources: Drinking water.

Symptoms of Contusion:

• Swelling and pain.
• Muscle fail to respond.
• Stiffness over the Area.
• Redness start, may turn blue or black.

Management for Contusion:

• Proper Use protective sports equipment.
• If there is more swelling use anti inflammatory.
• Cold compression should be use immediately.
• Do Flexibility exercise for rehabilitation.
• After three days apply heat instead of ice pack.

Symptoms of Dislocation:

• Severe pain over the joint.
• Swelling of the joint.
• Inability to move the joint.
• Changing shape of joint.

Management of Dislocation:

• Support the joint using cushion or padding.
• Keep the person Calm and Cool.
• Let the injured person sit or lie in a comfortable position.
• Use ice pack on dislocation area.
• Call medical help immediately.

Coping strategies means psychological and Physiological changes, those are required to adjust an individual in the stressful condition. Coping refers to thoughts and actions which we usually use to deal with a threatening situation.
Following are the Emotional focused copying strategies:

1. Ignoring stressful situation.
2. Vent out emotions.
3. Stop Negative thinking.
4. Deep Breathing and Meditation.
5. Participation in Games and Sports.
6. Acceptance of reality.
7. Don’t blame others.
8. Counseling with Psychiatric.

Following are the causes of ODD (oppositional Defiant Disorder).
Causes of ODD

Symptoms and Management of ODD:

1. Arguing with others.
2. Refuse to follow the rule.
3. Lose temper.
4. Repeated disobedience.
5. Feeling of frustration.
6. Lack of concentration.
7. Difficulty in making friends.
8. Counseling.
9. Family therapy.
10. Social skill training.

Meditation etc.

The following are the causes of ADHD:

1. Genetic factors.
2. Brain injuries.
3. Low Birth weight.
4. Trauma and brain diseases.
5. Improper prenatal care.
6. Improper diet/ Intake of food additives.
7. Exposure to toxic substance.

Following are the symptoms of ADHD:

1. Trouble in paying attention/ Restless.
2. Difficulties in organizing routine activities.
3. Act before thinking/ Impulsive.
4. Emotionally unstable/ mood swings.
5. Talk/ excessively.
6. Low self esteem/ easily frustrated.
7. Lack of concentration.

Objectives of Extramurals:

1. To Improve the Standard of Sports: It is one of the objectives of inter-school or extramural competitions to improve the standard of sports. By participating in extramurals, the students become technically and tactically efficient in respective sports. They become skilful. They develop abilities to perform well in competitions. In this way, extramurals improve the standard of sports.
2. To Provide Enriching Experience to Students: Experience has its own value in any field. Extramurals provide experience to students who participate in such competitions. By gaining experience through continuous participation, students exhibit good performance in competitions.
3. To Develop Sportsmanship and a Feeling of Fraternity: To develop sportsmanship and a feeling of fraternity in students is another important objective of extramural competitions.
4. To Broaden tbe Base of Sports: Many students from various schools participate in extramurals. Other schools, that do not participate in extramurals, get motivated to do so. Such motivation broadens the base of sports.
5. To Provide Knowledge of New Rules and Advanced Techniques: To provide knowledge of new rules, regulations, advanced techniques and tactics of sports and games to the students is another objective of extramurals. Students come to know about new rules and regulations of the games and sports. They learn new techniques as well as tactics which enable them to perform efficiently and thus helps in improving their performance.

The word'Intramural'is derived from the Latin words'Intra'and'Muralis'. 'Intra'means 'within and Muralis' means'wall'. It means that the activities which are performed within the walls or within the campus of an institution are called 'intramurals'.
Significance of Intramurals:
In simple term, intramural means, 'A game for each and each for a game'. So, it can be said that intramural activities are significant for every student of each class of an institution. The following points can express the significance of intramurals for students.

1. Intramurals are significant for physical, mental, emotional and social development of students.
2. These programmes also lay stress on moral and ethical values of students.
3. Intramurals are necessary for the development of health of children.
4. These programmes are also important to tone down the fighting instinct of children.
5. These programmes refresh the children and make them agile.
6. Intramurals provide maximum recreation to the students.
7. They provide ample opportunities to the students to participate in games and sports.
8. They are also essential for developing Ieadership qualities among the students.

	Intramural	Extramural
1	Intramural activities refer to activities conducted within the boundaries of the Institute/ school.	Extramural Sports refers to sporting activities carried outside the walls of the school/ Institute.
2	It does not involve competitions between teams representing different schools.	It involves competition between other schools. friendly matches against other school teams or practice matches.
3	Its main purpose is to provide opportunities for participation in sports to maximum number of students of a school.	Because these are properly organised tournaments or matches, only selected students get the chance to represent their school outside.
4	Such activities create interest in school sports activities.	These are much beneficial activities which an individual can choose as his profession.
5	For Example: Interhouse competitions. Interclass competitions. Intersection competition. etc.	For Example: Interschool competitions. Interstate competitions. Open nationals, etc.

Advantages of the Knock-out Tournament:

1. The knock-out tournaments are less expensive because the team that gets defeated, is eliminated from the competition.
2. The knock-out tournament is helpful in enhancing the standard of sports, because each team tries to give the best performance to avoid defeat.
3. Owing to less number of matches, the tournament gets completed in less time.
4. Minimum number of officials are required in organising such types of tournaments.

Disadvantages of Knock-out Tournament:

1. There may be many chances of elimination of good teams in the Ist or IInd round. So, good teams may not reach the final round.
2. There are more chances of weak teams to enter the final round.
3. Spectators may lose interest in the final match if weak teams reach in final round.

Steps to form Committees for Tournaments: Sports events are organised at various levels which include district, state, national or international levels. Such tournaments require careful planning in order to be successful. Committees are formed at various levels. A letter is sent to all concerned for participation.
The description of various committees and their responsibilities are stated below.

1. Publicity Committee: The committee for publicity announces the date, venues and sports events, provides advance information to the institutions, undertakes printing, etc. Its main responsibility is to advertise sports events.
2. Transportation Committee: This committee is responsible for providing the facilities regarding transportation of various teams to the venue of sports events or to the place of boarding and lodging as the case may be. Its main duty is to make necessary arrangements for transportation.
3. Boarding and Lodging Committee: Boarding and lodging committee is responsible for making necessary arrangements for providing accommodation and serving meals to the sportspersons and officials.

During Tournament Beeponsibilitiee:For organising a sports tournament/event smoothly, the following responsibilities or duties during the game or tournament are essential to be followed by the officials of the various committees.

1. To ensure proper arrangement during inauguration of sports tournament.
2. To check that the sports ground/field/court and related sports equipment are in order.
3. To ensure that the sports events/tournament is being organised as per schedule.
4. To check the arrangement of refreshments to players and officials.
5. To make necessary announcements regarding the progress of the tournament.
6. To impart first aid to the injured athletes/sportspersons.
7. To prepare proper score sheet for record.
8. To provide and update information to the electronic and print media.
9. To maintain proper discipline.

There are a number of activities which maf 'be included in intramural competitions. The activities for intramurals should be selected very carefully. Mainly, the selection of activities should be based on two factors viz. interests of students and availability of facilities in the institution or school. Aldng with these, we should not forget the recreational aspect of intramurals. AII the intramural activities must provide recreation to the students' These activities should aid in achieving the goals of education and contribute to general development of the students. Hence, the selection should be made out of the following categories of activities:

1. Major Games: Volleyball, Hockey, Cricket, Basketball, Kabaddi, Swimming, Athletics, Cycling, Wrestling, Lawn tennis, Football, Softball, Badminton, etc.
2. Minor Games: Shuttle Runs, Kho-Kho, Circle games, Tag game, Roller skating, Potato Race, Sack Race, Three-Legged Race, etc.
3. Rhythmics: Lazium, Dumb bell, Marching, Folk dance, Group dance, solo dance, Mass PT, Rhythmic gymnastic, etc.
4. Creative Activities: Painting, Drawing, Sculpturing, Making models.
5. Combative Activities: Boxing, Judo, Taekwondo, Karate, etc.

Combination tournaments are conducted when the matches are to be played on group basis or zonal basis. As a matter of fact, these tournaments depend on the suitability of the activity, the number of participating teams and the areas and distance from which they come to participate. For example, in case of national-level competition, it becomes difficult for all the state teams to reach the designated place for tournament. To avoid such a type of difficulty, at least four zones can be made and a tournament can be organised at a central place in each zone. After that the winner of each zone can participate at the national level. Depending upon the number of teams in each zone and the availability of time, the tournament can be organised on the basis of knock-out or league and after that at national level the tournament can also be conducted either on knock-out or league basis. Usually, the following combinations of tournaments are used.

1. Knock-out cum Knock-out.
2. League cum League.
3. Knock-out cum League.
4. League cum Knock-out.

Significance of Extramural Competitions:
Extramural competitions are significant in the field of physical education because without extramural competitions, the programmes of physical education remain incomplete. The following points show the significance of extramural competitions.

1. Provide Opportunities to Schools to Show their Sports Capabilities: Extramural competitions provide ample opportunities to schools to showcase their sports capabilities. Ifthe students ofa school have good sports capabilities and show giod performance in extramurals, it will add a feather to the cap of that institution. This will enhance the image of that institution.
2. Enhance the Standard of Sports Performance: Through extramural competitions, the standard of sports performance can be enhanced. Especially the iosing individual or team can make strenuous efforts to improve their sports performance in the next extramural competition'
3. Provide Appropriate Knowledge of Sports Techniques: Extramurals are essential to provide appropriate knowledge of new techniques of sports' The teams that are not iamiliar with ih" uppropriate as well as advanced techniques of various sports and games, can imbibe such knowledge by participating in extramurals'

Seeding method: there is always a possibility in knock-out tournament that strong teams may be paired with weak teams or all strong teams might have been grouped in upper half or lower half. Some strong teams have the possibility to be eliminated in the preliminary round. To avoid such a situation seeding method is used. In this method, the strong teams are selected to keep them at appropriate place in fixture.
Special seeding: in special seeding, the seeded players participate directly in quarter-final or semi-final. They need not wait for longer duration.
Example: If 20 players are participating in a Table Tennis Tournament on knock-out basis, and four players are to be kept in special seeding, draw their fixtures.

The pre-tournament responsibilities/ duties of the various committee officials are performed before the commencement of the tournament or sports event' The main pre-game responsibilities are as follows:

1. To prepare the budget of the tournament/ sports event with the authority because without suffrcient budget it may be difficult to organise the tournament in a splendid and systematic way.
2. To prepare the schedule or programme of the sports tournament i.e., the dates and venue of the tournament.
3. To prepare sports grounds/courts/track, sports equipment which are essential for organising a sports tournament.
4. To form the various committees for organising sports tournament.
5. To send the information to the various teams about dates and venues of the tournament.
6. To make necessary arrangement regarding boarding and lodging of sportspersons and officials.
7. To arrange prizes and certifrcates for winners.
8. To send the entry forms to the various institutions early and receive them on time for timely preparation of fixtures.

Objectives of Planning:

1. To Reduce Unneceseary Pressure of Immediacy: When tournaments or competitions are conducted or organised without proper planning, there will be immense pressure to achieve certain results immediately. In such a hurry or immediacy, the job cannot be performed efficiently and smoothly. So, reducing unnecessary pressure of immediacy is an important objective of planning' If the organisers prepare a good plan beforehand., there will not be any unnecessary pressure. Perfect planning will naturally negate unnecessary pressure.
2. To Maintain a Good Control Over All the Activities: To maintain a good control over all the activities is another objective of planning. Planning and control are connected with each other. If tournaments or competition are organised with a perfect plan, good control over all the activities related to that tournament will be easier. Planning helps in holding a good control in organising a tournament.
3. To Facilitate Proper Coordination: This objective of planning is related to facilitate proper coordination among the various members of committees, which are formed for organising the competition smoothly. Without proper coordination among the officials of the tournament it will not be easy to conduct or organise a sports tournament. A proper planning helps in ensuring proper coordination.

The word 'Extramural' is derived from the Latin words 'Extra' and 'Muralis'. 'Extra' means 'outside' and 'Muralis' means 'wall'. It means that the activities, which are performed outside the walls of an institution or a school.
Significance of Extramural Competitions:
Extramural competitions are significant in the field of physical education because without extramural competitions, the programmes of physical education remain incomplete. The following points show the significance of extramural competitions.

1. Provide Opportunities to Schools to Show their Sports Capabilities: Extramural competitions provide ample opportunities to schools to showcase their sports capabilities. If the students of a school have good sports capabilities and show good performance in extramurals, it will add a feather to the cap of that institution. This will enhance the image of that institution.
2. Enhance the Standard of Sports Performance: Through extramural competitions, the standard of sports performance can be enhanced. Especially the losing individual or team can make strenuous efforts to improve their sports performance in the next extramural competition'
3. Provide Appropriate Knowledge of Sports Techniques: Extramurals are essential to provide appropriate knowledge of new techniques of sports' The teams that are not familiar with the appropriate as well as advanced techniques of various sports and games, can imbibe such knowledge by participating in extramurals.
4. Plan and Implement the Prograrrmes of Physical Education More Effective: Extramurals are essential for pldnning and implementing the programmes of physical education more effective. Extramurals also help in broadening the base of sports.
5. Improve the Opportunities to Participate in Sports: Extramural competitions provide opportunities to the students of various schools to participate in sports. Many schools that usually do not take part in such competitions are motivated and consequently such schools tend to participate in extramurals.

In the contemporary age, specific stress is laiddown on the holistic development of children in schools. Owing to this, emphasis is laid on other co-curricular activities in addition to education. Along these lines, sports day is organised so that the all-round development of children could be attempted. Various sports activities in which physical and recreational activities are included, are conducted on sports day. Generally, sports day is organised by each and every school. A specific day is fixed for conducting sports day in a year. On that day, ample opportunities are provided to every child to take part in activities. School authorities also lay stress on the maximum participation of children.
Procedure of Organising Sports Day.
First of all, a specific day should be fixed for organising sports day. The appropriate place should also be selected as early as possible. In fact, a proper plan should be prepared for organising the sports day. After that an administrative or organisation committee should be constituted. This committee conducts all the programme of sports day systematically. Other committees are constituted by this committee for organising the sports day in a smooth and efficient way. The various committees, such as decoration committee, playground committee, programme committee, reception committee, refreshment, first aid committee, prize distribution committee, etc', are formed for organising sports day successfully.
Health run does not require any specific preparation. For health runs the requirement is only a pair of shoes and light clothes. There is no competition involved but registration of participants is required in advance' The date and time are also fixed well in advance' There is no age limit in health runs and the distance course of running is also fixed.

Method of Preparing Fixture in a Knock-out Tournament.
In a knock-out tournament, the total number of matches can be calculated by subtracting one from the total number of teams. For example, if 8 teams are participating in the tournament, then the number of total matches will be, 8 - 1 = 7. It means that there will be only T matches in the tournament. These teams, i.e., 8 teams should be divided into two halves. It is possible only if the total number of teams is the power of 2 such as 2, 4g, 16, g2 and 64, etc. It is very easy to draw the fixtures in such a case' The total number of teams is divided into equal halves and then matches are decided by draw of lots. If the total number of teams is not the power of 2 such as 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, etc., then byes are given. The teams, which are given byes, do not play in the first round. Byes are given in the first round because of which the number of team playing in the later rounds is reduced to a power of 2. In fact, a bye refers to a dummy team that does not play in the first round but participates in the second round. The number of byes in a fixture is the actual difference between the number of teams participating in the tournament and the next highest number which is the power of 2.
Example 1: How many byes wiII be given if 15 teams are participating in a tournament?
Solution: Total number of teams = 15
Next highest number of power of two = 16
Difference between the total number of teams and the next highest number
in Power of 2 = 16 - 15 =1
Hence, 1 bye will be given.
Example 2: How many byes will be given if 19 teams are participating in a tournament?
Solution: Total number of teams = 19
Next highest number, which is in power of 2 = 32
Difference = 32 - 19 = 13
Hence, 13 byes will be given.

Specific sports programmes are such programmes of sports which are not usually related to compititions. These sports programmes have various objective such as creating awareness among people regarding unity, health and diseases like AIDS, swine flu, etc. and rising funds for charitable institutions or organizations. These sports programmes are described below:
Health Run: Health runs are organized by health department or sports department. usually their purpose is to ameliorate the standard of health in a country along with the raising of funds for charity. There is no age limit in health runs and the distance cource of running is also fixed up. Before going to health runs, everyone should take a note of the following suggestions to make the running experience safe and effective:

1. Avoid tension. Make sure that your arms, shoulder, neck and finger are relaxed. Hands should be unclenched.
2. Your breathing should be rhythmic and deep.
3. Don‟t bend your body from hip level.
4. Run softly and your strides should be normal.
5. Your both arms should swing equally.

Run for unity: Such a run is organized with a specific purpose, i.e., to show unity and peace among the people of different religion. Its purpose may be national and international integration and brotherhood. In some countries run for unity is organized to celebrate their independence. It may be in the from of relay, they feel united. A lot of people participate in this race from corporate world, film stars and marathon runners from other countries. The cash prize is given to the first three position holders. Such runs promote harmony, peace and solidarity among people of different religions. It brings a sense of togetherness among people.
Run for fun: is also organised with an objective to spread the message among the masses to remain healthy and fit. It may be organised to motivate the people to exercise regularly and stay healthy. It is also organised in the same way as the health runs. Run for fun is more rerated to have fun during the run. In fact, run for fun is a friendly race that involves either road running or cross country running taking part for their own enjoyment and recreation rather than competition.
Generally’ run for fun is organised to raise funds for a charity. The sponsors only deduct the organisational expenditures. Run for fun can include novel categories such as wearing costumes and age categories for children, teenagers and adults.

While organising sports events, various committees are formed for systematic and smooth conduct of competitions/ tournaments. In fact, organising and conducting of sports events involve a lot of planning and preparation. Generally, there is a committee of management, which usually consists of one representative from each institution concerned. This General Committee takes complete responsibility for the success of a competition. It also forms various committees and delegates a variety of work among them. The General Committee is headed by an Administrative Director under whom thl Executive Committee performs its duties' The Organising Committee for games/ sports events works under the Executive Committee.

The Organising Committee is mainly responsible for the successful and smooth conduct of the sports meet/ sports events. Various committees are formed under this Organising Committee. The description of various committees and their responsibilities are stated below.

1. Publicity Committee: The committee for publicity announces the date, venues and sports events, provides advance information to the institutions, undertakes printing, etc. Its main responsibility is to advertise sports events.
2. Transportation Committee: This committee is responsible for providing the facilities regarding transportation of various teams to the venue of sports events or to the place of boarding and lodging as the case may be. Its main duty is to make necessary arrangements for transportation.
3. Boarding and Lodging Committee: Boarding and lodging committee is responsible for making necessary arrangements for providing accommodation and serving meals to the sportspersons and officials.
4. Decoration and Ceremony Committee: The decoration and ceremony committee is responsible for the decoration of sports arena or stadium. It is also responsible for making necessary arrangements for the opening ceremony, victory ceremony and closing ceremony of the games/ sports meet. This committee also makes arrangements for trophies, medals and certificates.
5. Grounds and Equipment Committee: This committee is responsible for preparing the grounds or laying out the track and field. It also makes necessary arrangements of equipment related to the game/ athletic meets. This committee is also responsible for providing equipment according to specifications.
6. Committee for Refreshments and Entertainment: This committee takes charge of supplying refreshments and drinks to guests, officials, competitors, etc. It also makes some arrangements for entertainment programmes during the opening ceremony and closing ceremony of the sports events.
7. Reception Committee: The members of this committee are responsible for welcoming the chief guests at the opening and closing ceremonies. It is also the duty of this committee to welcome other guests and spectators.
8. Committee on Entries and Programmes: This committee sends entry forms to the various institutions early and receives them on time, allots numbers to the competitors and arranges the seats for guests and spectators. While organising games it also prepares fixtures of teams participating in the competition. It prepares the complete programme related to games/ sports events and gets it printed. Infact, this committee prepares souvenirs and circulates them among guests, managers of the teams and officials.

Knock-out cum League: All the teams are divided into four zones. First of all the teams play their matches in their respective zones on knock-out basis and one team becomes the winner from each zone' After that, the four winner teams again play their matches on league base and one team becomes the winner of the inter group or zone tournament.
Example: Group or Zonal Tournament on Knock-out basis.

Example: Inter-group or Zonal Tournament on League basis.

League cum Knock-out Tournament: All the teams are divided into four zones. All the teams play their matches in their respective zones on league basis. One team from each zone or group becomes the winner. It is called the zonal tournament. After that, the four winner teams play their matches on knock-out basis and one team becomes the winner of the inter group or zonal tournament.
Example: Group or Zonal Tournament on League basis.

Example: inter or zonal tournament on knock-out basis.

Nowadays participation in the field of games and sports is on the rise when compared to yester decades. So, it becomes the primary duty of the officials to organise any sports tournament or sports event in a magnificent and splendid way. So, for smooth conduct of any sports event/tournament, it is essential for the officials of the tournament to know the pre-, during and post game, responsibilities or duties. The responsibilities of officials of the various committees can be classified as stated below'
Pre-Tournament Responsibilities.
The pre-tournament responsibilities/ duties of the various committee officials are performed before the commencement of the tournament or sports event' The main pre-game responsibilities are as follows:

1. To prepare the budget of the tournament/ sports event with the authority because without suffrcient budget it may be diffrcult to organise the tournament in a splendid and systematic way.
2. To prepare the schedule or programme of the sports tournament i.e., the dates and venue of the tournament.
3. To prepare sports grounds/ courts/ track, sports equipment which are essential for organising a sports tournarrient.
4. To form the various committees for organising sports tournament.
5. To send the information to the various teams about dates and venues of the tournament.
6. To make necessary arrangement regarding boarding and lodging of sportspersons and officials.
7. To arrange prizes and certifrcates for winners.
8. To send the entry forms to the various institutions early and receive them on time for timely preparation of fixtures.

During Tournament Beeponsibilitiee.
For organising a sports tournament/ event smoothly, the following responsibilities or duties during the game or tournament are essential to be followed by the officials of the various committees:

1. To ensure proper arrangement during inauguration of sports tournament.
2. To check that the sports ground/ field/ court and related sports equipment are in order.
3. To ensure that the sports events/ tournament is being organised as per schedule.
4. To check the arrangement of refreshments to players and officials.
5. To make necessary announcements regarding the progress of the tournament.
6. To impart first aid to the injured athletes/ sportspersons.
7. To prepare proper scoresheet for record.
8. To provide and update information to the electronic and print media.
9. To maintain proper discipline.

Post Tournament Besponsibilities.
The following responsibilities are performed by the officials after the tournament:

1. To give away the prizes and certificates to the winners.
2. To provide detailed results and other necessary information to the media.
3. To provide security refunds to the departing teams.
4. To collect all the records/ files related to the sports tournament.
5. To make the payments to the officials and other concerned persons.
6. To prepare reports related to the expenditure of the tournament.
7. To present mementos to the chief guest or guest of honour, etc.

A tournament is that series of sports in which one team finally wins and rest of the teams lose the matches.
Importance of Tournaments:
Tournaments are very important in the field of sports. Players participate in tournaments with a great zeal and zest. The tournaments are significant not only to the players but to the coaches and physical education teachers also. The importance of tournaments is described below.

1. Development of Sports Skills: By participating in tournaments sportsmen develop various skills of sports. The maximum number of participation in tournaments not only develops technical skills of the sports but also tactical skills. Sportspersons acquire efficiency in skills and finally, they show marked improvement in the game.
2. Propaganda of Sports: Tournaments are helpful in publicising the sports. When a tournament of a new sport is organised, the spectators come to know about that sport. Thus, it creates interest in that sport.
3. Helpful in the Selection of Players: In a tournament, good players can be selected easily by observing their performance in the tournament. The players who give good performance, can be selected for upper level tournaments. So, a tournament is an appropriate way to select a good team of players.
4. Development of National and International Integration: Sports tournaments are helpful in developing national integration as well as international unity and brotherhood. A tournament is one of the best means of enhancing international peace.
5. Development of Social Qualities: Social traits such as tolerance, sympathy, cooperation, group cohesion, brotherhood, discipline, etc., are developed among participants through sports tournaments. other ethical values such as fair play, justice, honesty, respect for others are also developed through sports tournaments.
6. Source of Becreation: Sports tournaments provide ample recreation to the spectators. To maximise recreation, organisers do not hesitate to make a large expenditures. That is why, a large number of people go to watch the Olympic games and World Cups of various games and sports. So, a tournament is a good source of recreation.