3 Marks Each

Question 13 Marks

State the causes of Low Death Rate.

Answer

$1.$ Introduction:

During planning the main cause of population in India during planning is compare to birth rate there is considerable reduction in death rate.
"Every year the number of deaths per $1000$ population is known as death rate."
In India in $1951$ the death rate was $27.4$ which is reduced to $7.1$ in $2011.$
Means there is reduction of $20.3$ which is higher than the decreased birth rate $(18.1)$ during the same period.
Therefore the problem of population has become acute.

$2.$ Causes of Low Death Rate:

During planning there was rapid decline in death rate in India.
The cause of which are below mentioned.

$(1)$ Improved standard of living:

Due to economic progress the income has raised as a result the standard of living of the people is improved.
They have been financially affording quality food grain, good health and related treatment and sufficient education.
There has been remarkable increase in their income and health related awareness therefore death rate has fallen considerably.

$(2)$ Control over deadly epidemics:

In the second half of the $20th$ century plague, small box, $T.B.,$ Malaria etc. were considered deadly diseases which contributed to very high death rate with marvelous progress of medical science due to vaccines to result various diseases, new medicines through research and development and extraordinary equipments of surgery have contributed remarkably in low death rate.
During planning due to spread of education information regarding diseases, and its remedies death rate has fallen. Increased level of female's education is one of the major factors in improvement of health.
Death rate has fallen due to small size of family which provides wider scope for child care.

$(3)$ Control on Drought $($Famine$):$

Due to the progress of science and technology natural calamities such as heavy rainfall, flood, famine etc. have been controlled through well planning.
Since $1966$ due to green revolution there is remarkable increase in the supply of food grains.
On the other hand due to speedy services of transportation facility at the time of natural calamity like draught, food grains are easily transported from the area of plenty to the scarcity area.
This has reduced death rate at the time of famine.
Human beings are saved from dyeing of starvation e.g. In India after the famine of Bengal in the year $1942-43$ no such harmful effect of drought is observed in the country.

$(4)$ Natural Calamities and rapid Transportation:

In the earlier days in the country death rate was high due to natural calamities high due to natural calamities such as drought, earthquake, flood, landslide, tsunami etc.
Today due to modern facilities of rapid transportation medicines, food grains, necessities of first aid etc. relief are made available immediately.
Besides political relations being wide spread at global level during natural calamities immediate relief is obtained from other countries which has reduced death rate compare to earlier time when this relief was not available immediately.
Food grains, buffer stock, flood control, advance warning of flood or tsunami etc. have contributed to low death rate.
Social welfare organizations performance is more effective and rapid than government machinery to control death-rate occurring during natural calamities.

$(5)$ Increasing Health related facilities:

One of the main factors for low death rate is encouraging government policy related to health.
Primary health centers are established in the villages, pure potable water supply, has controlled many water based diseases. Importance is given to latrine, drainage and cleanliness campaign, has controlled air based diseases.
Along with the health related facilities with the spread of education people have become more aware regarding health related issues. Specially educated mothers have become more aware regarding the health of their children, which has decreased death rate. Death rate during delivery has fallen too.

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Question 23 Marks

Explain Population Explosion.

Answer

Normally in any country there is constant raise in the growth rate of population and population reaches high level is known as population explosion.

From $1931$ to $2011$ there was constant increase in the population of India. e.g. In $1951$ population of India was $36.1$ crore which after 6 decades in $2011$ increased to $121.8$ crore.
Average growth rate of population of India has remained $2.5\%.$
Due to high number of population and high growth rate of population after $1970,$ rapid increase in the population of India.
Population explosion normally occurs in the second phase of the three phases of the principle of population transition.
In this phase due to development in the country per capita income and standard of living improves, health related services and facilities are increased, drought and epidemics are controlled, therefore death rate rapidly falls.
But as the literacy rate is low and due to false social and religious notions, remarkable reduction in birth rate is not observed.
Therefore gap between birth rate and death rate increases and there is constant increase in the growth rate of population which leads to population explosion.
This situation occurs in almost all developing countries of the world.
India as no exception.

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Question 33 Marks

Discuss in detail the rural and urban population of India.

Answer

Rural and Urban Population of India:

Studying the people residing in rural and urban areas helps to understand spread of people in the country. It then helps to learn about the rate of migration, urbanization, the infrastructural facilities that need to be created, etc.
The rate of rural-urban population is influenced by various factors like employment, education, health, social life, quality of life, economic returns, occupation, etc.

Rural and urban population in India $($In crores and percentage$)$

Urban population (crores)	Total population (crores)	Male Population (in crores)	Female Population (in crores)
$1901$	$21.2(89.1 \%)$	$2.6(10.9 \%)$	$23.8(100 \%)$
$1951$	$29.9(82.8 \%)$	$6.2(17.2 \%)$	$36.1(100 \%)$
$1981$	$52.4(76.72 \%)$	$15.9(23.28 \%)$	$68.3(100 \%)$
$2011$	$83.02(68.0 \%)$	$38.0(32.0 \%)$	$121.02(100 \%)$

Analysis and conclusion:
$1.$ Comparing the data of various periods we can see that there is a continuous rise in urban population and decrease in rural population. This means that there is a constant increase in urbanization.

The constant rise poses several problems in the economy problems such as rise in slums and squalor and urban unemployment. The administering government may not be able to provide basic services like electricity, transportation, water, sanitation and waste management, etc. to unexpected rise in urban population.
Due to improper waste management, pollution arises. Social evils occur in the form of crimes, theft, loots, etc.

$2.$ There has been a fall in rural population. In $1901$ rural population was $21.2$ crores $(89.1\%)$ which increased to $83.02$ crores $(68\%)$ In $2011.$ In terms of number the rural population has increased but while looking at the percentage we can see that there is a fall in rural population. This is because of lack of employment opportunities and the existence of widespread disguised unemployment and under employment. There are large scale employment opportunities in urban areas which force rural population to migrate to urban areas.
$3.$ Urban population was $2.6$ crores $(10.9\%)$ in $1901$ which rose to $38$ crores $(32.0\%)$ in $2011.$ The urban population has increased in every decade.

The reason for rise in ùrban population is availability of various physical facilities like electricity, schools, colleges, theaters, housing, good roads, transportation, communication facilities, cultural and entertainment activities, facilities for good medical treatment, etc.
Many people have also migrated from rural to urban areas because of abolition of zamindari system and control of sahukars on business.

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Question 43 Marks

Write a short note on size and growth rate of India’s population.

Answer

Size and growth of population: The total population in different periods is known as the size of the population. The growth rate of population in the size of the population during a given period is called the growth of population.Size of India’s population and population growth rate $(1901$ to $2011)$

Year	Population $($In crores$)$	Average yearly growth rate of population $($Percent$)$
$1901$	$23.8$	$+0.08$
$1911$	$25.2$	$+0.57$
$1921$	$25.1$	$-0.03$
$1931$	$27.9$	$+1.04$
$1941$	$31.9$	$+1.33$
$1951$	$36.1$	$+1.25$
$1961$	$68.3$	$+2.22$
$1991$	$84.6$	$+2.16$
$2001$	$102.9$	$+1.97$
$2011$	$121.02$	$+1.64$

Analysis and conclusion:$1.$ The population grew at a slower rate between the first two decades i.e. $1901$ and $1921.$ In the first decade i.e. $1901-1911,$ it grew by $0.57\%$ where as in the second decade i.e. $1911-21$ it decreased by $0.03\% .$
The main reason for this fall was the high death-rate. India faced frequent famines during that decade which then led to several diseases like cholera, plague, tuberculosis, malaria and influenza. Several people died of these diseases and so our death-rate was high compared to birth-rate.
$2.$ We can see that apart from the year $1921,$ population has grown continuously in all the decades. Hence the year $1921$ was considered as the ‘Year of great divide’.
$3.$ The first five year plan started in India in $1951.$ At that time the population of India was $36.1$ crores. Within five decades it rose to $102.9$ crores. This means $66.6$ crore more people were added into Indian population by $2001.$
$4.$ Presently, every year the population of India increases by $170$ lakhs $($i.e. $1.7$ crore$)$ every year.
$5.$ China is the most populated country in the world with population of $134.10$ crores. India is the second most populated country of the world. In $1911,$ India’s population was $25.2$ crores and within one century, in $2011$ it rose to $121.02$ crores.

Demographers forecasted that by the year $2000,$ India’s population will cross $100$ crore mark and it proved to be correct.

The $1997$ World Development Report showed that India’s population was $93$ crores. According to the census of $2011,$ between $2011$ and $2025,$ population will grow to $139.98$ crores.

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Question 53 Marks

Write a short-note bn India’s age-wise population.

Answer

Age-wise population of India: The classification of Indian population into various age groups is called age- wise population of India. The total population is divided into three age groups. They are: $0-14$ years, $15-64$ years and $65$ and more The study of age-wise population helps in understanding aspects like productive and unproductive age groups and hence, working and non-working population. Changes in death-rate and fertility rate affects age-wise classification of population. This in turn affects in future affect the family size and the labour market. Age-wise population of India $($in percentage$)$

Age groups $($years$)$	$2005$	$2010$	$2011$	$2014*$
$0-14$	$32.78\%$	$30.89\%$	$30.5\%$	$29.21\%$
$15-64$	$62.44\%$	$63.99\%$	$64.3\%$	$65.30\%$
$65$ and more	$04.78$	$05.12\%$	$05.2\%$	$5.49\%$
Total	$100\%$	$100\%$	$100\%$	$100\%$

Analysis and conclusion:

In $2005,$ people in the age group $0-14$ were $32.78$ percent which reduced to $29.21\%$ in $2014.$ This shows a decrease in birth-rate.
In $2005, 62.44\%$ population was in the age group of $15-64$ years which increased to $65.30\%$ by $2014$. This age group majorly consist of people who are working. Increase in the population in this age group leads to economic development of the country. Since this population has increased it is a good sign.

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Question 63 Marks

State the highlights of National Population Policy $2000.$

Answer

India framed its National Population Policy in $2000$ under the chairmanship of Dr. M.S Swaminathan.-
Under this policy India made various changes in its programme related to family planning.
India decided to give more focus on preventing unwanted pregnancy by adopting suitable preventive methods rather than giving undue importance to sterilization.
Special emphasis was given on upliftment of women.
Proposal was made to increase the age of marriage for women from $18$ to $20$ years.

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Question 73 Marks

Expanding medical services and its effectiveness can help population control. Explain.

Answer

Expanding medical services and its effectiveness:

In India death-rate has come down but it is still higher than some of the developed countries. Advancement in medical science has increased the services and facilities for child birth and health of the new born.
Efforts should be made to see that vaccination facilities are available easily and everywhere. Awareness regarding communicable and sexual diseases like $AIDS,$ various infections, etc. should be increased. This can help to reduce death-rate and infant mortality rate.
India was the first county in the world to introduce population policy to control population. A committee was set up to frame New Population Policy of $2000$ under the Chairmanship of Dr. M.S. Swaminathan.

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Question 83 Marks

How encouragement and discouragement measures of government control population?

Answer

Encouragement and discouragement:

The encouragement and discouragement offered by the Government play a very important role in family planning. For example, government gives financial compensation to those couples who undergo sterilization.
To discourage the rising population China has adopted a policy in which if a couple has more than two children than the government withdraws several facilities from that couple. However, China has relaxed this policy to some extent. This discourages the couples to give birth to more than $1$ child. Similar policy can be adopted in India as well.
In India, people contesting for local self-government elections are disqualified if they have more than two children.

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Question 93 Marks

Increasing the age of marriage and raising the status of women is a way to the rising population. Explain.

Answer

Increasing the age of marriage and raising the status of women:

One of the ways to reduce birth-rate is by increasing the legal age of marriage particularly for women.
In the population policy of $2000,$ it was emphasized to increase the age of marriage for women from $18$ to $20$ years.
The size of family can be controlled if the status of women is increased in the society and if equal opportunities are given to both men and women in the matters of education and employment.

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Question 103 Marks

How can family planning programme be made more effective?

Answer

Effectiveness of family planning programme:
Government increased its family planning services so that family planning programme and its public awareness can be made more effective.

It is essential that contraceptives which play a major role in preventing birth¬rate are available to people easily and at cheap rates.
In the population policy of $2000,$ changes were made in the programme related to family planning. It was decided to give more focus on preventing unwanted pregnancy by adopting suitable preventive methods rather than giving undue importance to sterilization.

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Question 113 Marks

Write a short note on mass education and awareness as a measure to control population.

Answer

Mass education and awareness:
In order to reduce birth-rate it is necessary to make people realise the importance of small families.
Demographers believe that the best method of population control is to educate people in this regard. Awareness should be spread by telecasting various programmes through media.
Lectures, .seminars, plays, mock and songs should be arranged in schools and colleges to educate people and create awareness on population control. In year $2000,$ government put a special emphasis on upliftment of women in its population policy. Such initiatives can help drastically to control population.

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Question 123 Marks

Transport facilities have reduced death-rate. Explain.

Answer

Protection against natural calamities and transportation facilities:

Earlier natural calamities like earth quake, tsunami, landslides, floods, famines, floods, etc. led to high death-rate.

Our transportation facilities have become very fast. So, if a natural calamity takes place in any part of the country, then we can provide immediate relief to the affected region from another region. We can now quickly transport basic requirement like food grains, medicines, etc. to the affected region. This has reduced the death-rate.

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Question 133 Marks

How control over draughts has resulted in low-death rate in India?

Answer

Control over drought: With advancement in science and technology we have gained control over droughts. As a result, the deaths caused by hunger do not take place now. Due to green revolution we could increase our supply of food grains considerably after $1966.$ Food grains can be easily transported from abundant areas to scarce areas and thus we could prevent deaths related to starvation in draught hit areas.

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Question 143 Marks

How control over epidemics has resulted in low-death rate in India?

Answer

Control over epidemics: In the beginning of $20th$ century, India was struggling with life threatening diseases like, plague, measles, tuberculosis, malaria, etc. So the death-rate was high. By the end of $20th$ century India achieved good economic development. As country’s economy improved it made astonishing progress in medical science and researched various vaccines for immunization. This resulted in control over diseases and decreased death-rate.

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Question 153 Marks

State the reasons for high infant-mortality rate in India.

Answer

Reasons for high infant-mortality:

The main reasons for high infant mortality rate are poverty, less care given to girl child, lack of nutritional food, frequent abortions among women, age- old practice in the upbringing of a child, inadequate medical facilities, less gap between two children, etc.

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Question 163 Marks

What is infant mortality rate? Explain with the help of data and analysis.

Answer

Infant mortality rate: Out of every $1000$ children born in a given year, the number of children that die within one year of age is known as infant mortality rate. Infant Mortality Rate in India

Year	Infant Mortality Rate $($for every $1000$ live births$)$
$1951$	$146$
$2011$	$41.40$

In India, Infant mortality rate in $1951$ was $146$ which fell to $41.40$ in $2011$ but still, this rate is considered to be quite high. Infant mortality rate is quite high in India in comparison to developed countries. Reasons for high infant-mortality: The main reasons for high infant mortality rate are poverty, less care given to girl child, lack of nutritional food, frequent abortions among women, age- old practice in the upbringing of a child, inadequate medical facilities, less gap between two children, etc.

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Question 173 Marks

How does a person’s ignorance towards family planning increases birth-rate?

Answer

Lack of family planning information:

The decisions taken regarding the size of family and maintaining gap between two children based on proper understanding i.e. a planned parenthood is called family planning.

In India, poverty, social customs and religious beliefs combined with low level of education worked as obstacles to family planning.

Lack of knowledge regarding the tools of family planning and sometimes scarcity of such tools also leads to high birth-rate

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Question 183 Marks

What is fertility rate? In which age group is the fertility rate very high? What are its negative outcomes?

Answer

High fertility rate: Fertility rate refers to the number of children born out of every $1000$ females belonging to the age group of $15-49$ years.
High fertility is an important characteristic of Indian population. In $1961,$ on an average a women belonging to this age group used to give birth to $6$ children. This fell to $3$ children in $2011.$ Still the number is quite high.
Reason for this characteristic are: Early marriage leads to longer fertility period for women. A very less number of women belonging to this fertile group are unmarried.

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Question 193 Marks

What is infant mortality rate? Why is it very high in India?

Answer

High infant mortality rate:
Out of every $1000$ children born in a given year, the number of children that die within one year of age is known as infant mortality rate.
Infant mortality rate is quite high in India in comparison to developed countries. The main reasons for high infant mortality rate are poverty, less care given to girl child, lack of nutritional food, frequent abortions among women, age-old practice in the upbringing of a child, inadequate medical facilities, less gap between two children, etc.

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Question 203 Marks

‘More the merrier’. Explain.

Answer

Low income level:

When the income level of a family is low, the birth-rate of a child is considered to be an asset rather than a burden. Such families believe in the saying of “more the merrier”.

Members of such families think that child born will also contribute to income of the family in future and hence they should give birth to more children. We see such mindset in people living on roadside and slums.

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Question 213 Marks

An illiterate woman gives more births than a literate one. Explain.

There is a close relationship between female education and population growth. Explain.

Answer

Low level of education:

Education, especially female education and population growth has a close relationship.

Inadequate education makes it difficult to understand the need for small families and as a result the family size tends to become large.

Education in female and the number of children in a family have an inverse relationship all over the world.

It has been found that compared to illiterate women, the woman who has had primary education gives birth to less number of children. This statement also holds true also while comparing women having primary education with women having middle school education.

From these facts, it can be said that the birth-rate is high because of illiteracy and low education.

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Question 223 Marks

State and explain the reasons for preference of male children by Indians.

Answer

Preference for a male child: The Indian society is dominated by males.

Indians give more importance to sons than daughters for the following three reasons:

People believe that male child can make the family tree grow further.

People believe male child will support them financially during old age.

Due to these reasons people keep on trying for a male child unless they get one. This mad rush increases the family size and hence the birth-rate.

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Question 233 Marks

How early marriage and widow remarriage leads to high birth-rate?

Answer

Early marriage and widow remarriage:

Despite laws banning child marriage still it happens in many parts of our country. Since they get married very early, their fertility rate is very high and lengthy. This results in the birth of more number of children.

India also follows a Widow Remarriage Act where in the widows are made to marry if they wish to. This also has resulted in high birth-rate.

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Question 243 Marks

Fear of society’s taunts increases birth-rate. Explain.

Answer

Social factors:

Universality of marriage:

In India marriage is a religious ritual. The society doubts an unmarried person and raises various questions about his/her singlehood.

Many a times to escape from this, a man and a woman enter into the institution of marriage. Even disabled people are no exceptions.

The number of woman marrying in India is high compared to woman of developed countries. Marriages then lead to rise in birth of children.

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Question 253 Marks

State and explain the social causes for high birth-rate.

Answer

Social factors:
$1.$ Universality of marriage:

In India marriage is a religious ritual. The society doubts an unmarried person and raises various questions about his/her singlehood.
Many a times to escape from this, a man and a woman enter into the institution of marriage. Even disabled people are no exceptions.
The number of woman marrying in India is high compared to woman of developed countries. Marriages then lead to rise in birth of children.

$2.$ Early marriage and widow remarriage:

Despite laws banning child marriage still it happens in many parts of our country. Since they get married very early, their fertility rate is very high and lengthy. This results in the birth of more number of children.
India also follows a Widow Remarriage Act where in the widows are made to marry if they wish to. This also has resulted in high birth-rate.

$3.$ Preference for a male child: The Indian society is dominated by males.
Indians give more importance to sons than daughters for the following three reasons:

People believe that male child can make the family tree grow further.
People believe male child will support them financially during old age.
Due to these reasons people keep on trying for a male child unless they get one. This mad rush increases the family size and hence the birth-rate.

$4.$ Joint family system:

People in rural areas mainly live in joint families.
When a child is born the financial responsibility, as well as the responsibility of raising that child, is shared by all the members of the family. Hence, the child does not become a burden and so people do not hesitate to give births. This increases the overall birth-rate.

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Question 263 Marks

Explain death-rate along with the help of data and analysis.

Answer

Death-rate:
The number of persons per every $1000$ persons during any given year is known as death-rate.
Death-rate $=\frac{\text { No. of people died in a given year }}{\text { Total population }} \times 1000$

Death-rate is not measured on the basis of percentage but on the basis of number of deaths per $1000$ persons.
The fall in population can be understood from the death-rate.
By measuring the total deaths in a year the reduction in the population can be understood.

Death-rate in India

Year	Death rate $($per $1000$ persons$)$
$1951$	$27.4$
$2011$	$07.1$

Year Birth rate$($Per $1000$ persons$)1951\ 39.9\ 2011\ 21.8$
Year Death rate $($per $1000$ persons$)\ 1951\ 27.4\ 2011\ 07.1$
Analysis and conclusion:
In $1951$ the death-rate in India was $27.4.$
This reduced to $7.1$ in $2011.$ The difference between these two years is $27.4 – 7.1 = 20.3.$
The fall in death-rate is much higher than the fall in birth-rate which is $18.1$ for the same period.
The main reasons for reduction in death-rate are control over famines, improvement in quality of life, availability of nutritional food, increase and improvement in medical services, increases in education and its spread, improvement in medical science, research in the field of surgery, control of infectious diseases, etc.

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Question 273 Marks

Explain birth-rate along with the help of data and analysis.

Answer

Birth-rate: The number of children born per every $1000$ persons during any given year is known as birth-rate.Birth-rate $=\frac{\text { The number of live-births in a given year }}{\text { Total population }} \times 1000$ Birth-rate is not measured on the basis of percentage but on the basis of rise in population per $1000$ persons. The birth-rate data helps in deciding the population policy.

Year	Birth rate$($Per $1000$ persons$)$
$1951$	$39.9$
$2011$	$21.8$

YearBirth rate$($Per $1000$ persons$)1951-39.9,2011-21.8$ Analysis and conclusion: In $1951,$ the birth-rate in India was $39.9.$
This decreased to $21.8.$ The difference between these two years is $39.9 – 21.8 =18.1.$
Although the birth-rate has reduced, the reduction is less. The main reasons for this are low level of education, preference for male child, low income levels, etc.

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Question 283 Marks

How can one study the causes of population increase?

Answer

Causes of population increase:
Two factors affect population increase. They are:

Birth-rate and
Death- rate.

The difference that arises between the birth-rate and death-rate becomes the cause of population increase. In other words, we can say that high birth-rate and low death-rate leads to population increase.
Based on the difference we can study the causes of the difference and take measures to control population.

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Question 293 Marks

There has been a constant decrease in the rural population. Explain.

Answer

In $1901,$ rural population was $21.2$ crores $(89.1\%)$ which increased to $83.02$ crores $(68\%)$ in $2011.$
In terms of number, the rural population has increased but while looking at the percentage we can see that there is a fall in rural population. Majority of this decrease is due to migration of rural people into cities.
Lack of employment opportunities and the existence of widespread disguised unemployment and under employment are among the chief reasons for decrease in rural population.
There are large scale employment opportunities in urban areas which force rural population to migrate to urban areas.

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Question 303 Marks

There has been a constant rise in the urban population. Explain.

Answer

Comparing the data of various periods we can see that there is a continuous rise in urban population and decrease in rural population.
Urban population was $2.6$ crores $(10.9\%)$ in $1901$ which rose to $38$ crores $(32.0\%)$ in $2011.$
Availability of various physical facilities like electricity, schools, colleges, theaters, housing, good roads, transportation, communication facilities, cultural and entertainment activities, facilities for good medical treatment, etc. has led to the constant increase in urban population. Many people have also migrated from rural to urban areas because of abolition of Zamindari system and control of sahukars on business.

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Question 313 Marks

What is the importance of studying age-wise population?

Answer

Age-wise population of India:

The classification of Indian population into various age groups is called age- wise population of India.
The total population is divided into three age groups. They are:
1. $0-14$ years,
2. $15-64$ years and
3. $65$ and more
The study of age-wise population helps in understanding aspects like productive and unproductive age groups and hence, working and non-working population.
Changes in death-rate and fertility rate affects the age-wise classification of population. This in turn affects in future affect the family size and the labour market.

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Question 323 Marks

Explain in short gender-ration.

Answer

Gender $($Sex$)$ Ratio:

The number of females in the country per $1000$ males is known as gender ratio, sex ratio or female-male ratio.
Gender ratio occupies an important place in the study of population. If the number of females is decreasing compared to males then it creates various problems in the country.
If the gap between number of females and males increases then it leads to a number of problems related to marriage, family, reproduction, etc.
By studying the gender-ratio we can find out the numbers and then focus our attention to understand the causes of adversity in gender ratio and efforts needed to solve them.

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Question 333 Marks

Give a brief idea about the sex-ratio of various Indian states. Discuss the reasons for low gender ratio in India.

Answer

Sex-ratio in India:

Except Kerala, all other Indian states have low female-male ratio.
According to $2011$ data, for every $1000$ males, there were $1084$ females in Kerala.
As per the census of $2011,$ there were $918$ females per $1000$ males in ‘ Gujarat which is quite alarming.
In $2011,$ the lowest gender ratio was found in Haryana where in for per $1000$ males there were only $879$ females.

Reasons for poor female-male ratio:

Social, cultural as well as economic factors are responsible for the poor female-male ratio.
In Indian society, the status of women has been low since ancient time. So, Indians never gave proper attention to nutrition, health, education and overall upbringing of daughters.
Other reasons include the craze for male child and the dowry system.
Moreover, child-marriage and frequent child births adversely affect the female health. This also increases the death-rate among minor and adult females.
Medical science has made a considerable improvement. Using latest techniques people kill the child before its birth if it is found to be a female. It is a sad truth that this disparity or imbalance between females and males is more in economically prosperous states.
To stop such unethical and illegal activities government has imposed ban on the process of detecting the sex of the child before its birth. But its implementation is largely on papers.

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Question 343 Marks

Explain the gender distribution in India along with suitable data and its analysis.

Answer

We can know the male-female ratio in India by studying the number of males and females in different years in India. Male-Female Ratio in India’s total population

Year (in crores)	Male Population (in crores)	Female Population (in crores)	Total Population
$1951$	$18.55(51.37\%)$	$17.56(48.63\%)$	$(36.11(100 \%)$
$1991$	$43.92(51.90\%)$	$40.71(48.10 \%))$	$84.63(100 \%)$
$2011$	$(62.37(51.54\%)$	$58.65(48.46 \%)$	$121.02(100 \%)$

Analysis and Conclusion:

The male as well as female population increased consistently because of the high population growth rate in period between $1951$ and $2011.$

The male population was $51.37%$ in $1951$ which increased to $51.54%$ in $2011.$ Thus, male population increased by $0.17%$ whereas female population decreased by $0.17%$.

The fall in female population is a negative sign for the future of our society which India has to handle.

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Question 353 Marks

How can we understand the trend of population? How was census started in India?

Answer

We can understand the trend of population of a region by studying, analyzing and interpreting demographic profile of population, size of population, population growth rate, birth-rate, death-rate, rural-urban population, proportion of female to male population, etc.
Jamshedji Tata initiated the first population census in $1871.$ After that, a census was conducted in $1891$ and thereafter it is done every $10$ years.
The first census of independent India was conducted in $1951.$

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Question 363 Marks

Explain briefly population explosion in India.

Answer

Population explosion in India:

Our population has continuously increased between the years $1931$ and $2011.$
In $1951,$ population of India was $36.1$ crores. This increased to $121.02$ crores in $2011.$ This means that within the span of $60$ years India’s population has increased by $85.7$ crores with an average growth rate of around $2.5$ percent. $4$
In Indian context, a very high population with a quite high growth rate of population especially after $1970$ is known as population explosion.

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Question 373 Marks

State the important aspects between population and natural resources.

Answer

There are two aspects between population and natural resources. They are:

As population increases, the limited natural resources deplete fast and in the long run it becomes dangerous for the future generations.
When unskilled population rises, the natural resources will not be utilized in the best possible, manner which proves to be a barrier for the economic development of a country.

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Question 383 Marks

Why is it very important to study the population and its structure during the study of economics?

Answer

The world population has crossed $7$ billion mark and India’s population has reached $1.25$ billion. It becomes the duty of the government of each nation to see that its population gets all the basic necessities and that the country’s economy grows.
How a country’s resources will be utilized depends largely on its population.
Over and above other factors the size and structure of population plays a major role in deciding the direction and volume of a country’s economy. For this, the country’s natural resources are most important because only with the help of natural resources, economic development becomes possible.

There are two aspects between population and natural resources. They are:

As population increases, the limited natural resources deplete fast and in the long run it becomes dangerous for the future generations.
When unskilled population rises, the natural resources will not be utilized in the best possible manner which proves to be a barrier for the economic development of a country.

As a result, tho study of population in an economy is extremely important because most of the problems in an economy are due to the high level of population.

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Question 393 Marks

Examine Socio-Economic factors affecting High Birth Rate in India.

Answer

$(A)$ Social Factors:
$(1)$ Universal Marriage System: Marriage system is universal in India.

It is considered a religious "Sanskar".
Society suspects and looks with doubt towards an unmarried person.
Therefore a man and a woman marry.
Physically challenged people are no exception.
In developed countries many women who have reached marriageable age do not marry.
In India every female marries.
In India marriage is not only social custom but also it is considered semi religious obligation.
In the advanced countries marriage takes place only if economic condition is favorable.
While in India the concept is different.
Irrespective of being in hard pressed condition person marries, he may incur in debt.
There is a proverb "An old man who dies may be a bachelor but a woman who died must be a married woman".
Thus due to universality of marriage system is the cause of high birth rate.

$(2)$ Early marriage and widow-remarriage:

Along with universality of marriage in India girls marry at quite early age.
There is law to prevent child marriage but it is not strictly implemented in many parts and child marriages take place.
For a girl the age of $18$ years is fixed yet in rural areas marriage take place below this fixed age of 18 years for girls.
Lower castes believe in child marriages.
As the girls in India marry at early age their fertility span is quite long.
As a result the birth rate is high.
In India, a widow can remarry and law supports widow remarriages and with the expansion of education widow -remarriages are widely accepted in society.
This has resulted into high birth rate.

$(3)$ Craze for Male child:

India is a male dominated country.
Due to three reasons sons are given more importance than daughters and preferred.

$(i)$ A strong belief in India prevails that a son's birth only can stop from reaching, parents the hell named 'Poo'.
$(ii)$ For procreation and in the craze for son.
$(iii)$ Sons are preferred for continuation of genealogy.
$(iv)$ To support them financially when they grow old, son is inevitable during illness.

In India blind faith and illiteracy prevails so much that children are considered gift of God.
Most of the people in India strongly believe that at least one son is a must to increase lineage and after death to perform the ceremony of 'Shraddh'.
Due to this reason the size of the family gets larger.

$(4)$ Joint Family System:

In rural areas of India joint family system is widespread.
The responsibility of upbringing of child is not only of its parents but also of the entire family, As a result child is never burdensome in a family.
As there is no economic responsibility of bringing up a child parents of the child become care free and give many births.
As a result birth rate gets higher.

$(B)$ Economic Factors:
$(1)$ Low Income $($Poverty$):$

When the income of a family is low the birth of a child is considered not a burden or an expense but an asset.
Majority of population in India reside in rural area.
Where the expense of giving birth to a child and bringing up a child is comparatively low.
On the other hand they are helpful to maintain family by being farm labourers.
In short in poor marginal family, the marginalized benefit of a child is higher than marginal expense of a child.
Therefore children are assets.
During planning, government has failed to reduce poverty and therefore birth rate is not reduced.
Even today in poor families very young children adds to family income by working on tea stalls on footpath.

$(2)$ Low level of Education:

Population growth and education are closely related with the increase of education.
The importance of small family is accepted.
The level of female education influences birth rate more.
It is proven by the experiences of various countries of the world compare to illiterate female primary educated, female prefers to give birth to less number of children.
The same concept is true for secondary and higher educated females compare to primary educated females.
In India, high level of illiteracy and low education $($primary school education$)$ are responsible factors for population growth.
With increase in female education, they give more importance to their career, material amenities, and so they are less prepared to take the responsibilities of children.
This keeps birth rate low.
In India there is high level of illiteracy and low level of employment of female.
Therefore children are not burden.
This leads to high birth rate.

$(3)$ High rate of Infant Mortality:

Out of every $1000$ children born in a given year the number of child deaths before one year is known as "infant mortality rate".
Compare to advance countries infant mortality rate is higher whether the child will survive or not.
This uncertainty sometimes leads to high birth rate even in educated families. e.g. In $1951$ infant mortality rate was $146$ which is reduced to $39$ in $2014$ in India.
Yet it is quite high in comparison to developed and advanced countries.
There are many causes of high infant mortality rate such as poverty, ignorance, inadequate health related services, less gap between two children, indifference towards girl child, frequent miscarriages, old blind belief of bringing up son, lack of adequate nutritive food etc.
In short, aware and unsatisfied motherly instinct, motivate females to increase the number of children for safety and security.

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Question 403 Marks

What is meant by population policy? Write note on India's population policy $2000.$

Answer

$1.$ Meaning of Population Policy:

Measures taken by government to bring growth rate of population to desired level is called population policy.
For the first time in the world India attempted to control population in $2000$ through population policy.

$2.$ Population policy of India $2000:$

To control population in the world as part of attempt population policy is determined in India.
In $2000$ for the first time population policy is determined under the chairmanship of Swaminathan as the recommendations of population policy $2000.$
The following are its main targets.

$(1)$ To attain $0 ($zero$)$ population growth rate by $2045$ up to certain economically protected level.
$(2)$ Reduce infant mortality rate $30$ per $1000$ a live children.
$(3)$ To bring down mother mortality rate to $100$ per $100000$ a live infants.
$(4)$ To bring birth rate to $21$ by $2010$ per population of $1000.$
$(5)$ If possible, encourage marriage age of female from $18$ to $21$ years.
$(6)$ Reduce fertility rate to balanced rate of population and to keep the proportion of population stable.

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Question 413 Marks

Examine the trends of Rural and Urban Population of India.

Answer

The number of people living in rural areas and the number of people living in the urban areas can be known from the proportion of rural and urban area.

Generally along with economic development the percentage of rural population decreases and the percentage of population in urban area increases.
Following data indicates the rural and urban trends of the population of India.

$(1)$ In $1901$ rural population was $21.2$ crore which increased to $83.8$ crore in $2011.$
$(2)$ In $1901$ the percentage of rural population was $89.1$ which reduced to $68$ percentage in $2011.$
$(3)$ During planning in $1951$ rural population was $29.9$ crore which is $8208$ percent of total population which due to development in $2011$ increased to $83.4$ crore which is $68$ percent of the total population within $6$ decades of planning rural population has declined by $18.8$ percent due to the lack of the opportunities of employment and scattered and semi-unemployment.

People migrate from villages to the cities in search of employment.

$(4)$ In $1901$ the urban population in India was $2.6$ crore which was $10.9\%$ of the total population was increased to $38.0$ crore in the year $2011,$ which was $32\%$ of the total population.
$(5)$ During planning in $1951$ urban population was $6.2$ crore which was $17.2\%$ of the total population.

It was increased to $38$ crore in $2011$ within $6$ decades of planning.
In short during planning looking from the percentage aspect urban population was increased to little less than double.
There are certain causes for increase in the percentage of population in urban area such as availability of material facilities like electricity, school, colleges, entertainment, comfortable roads, transportation, communication, banking, facility of water, and medical treatment.
Along with the expansion of education increasing attraction towards urban life is the cause of changing trend.
Addition of landlord ship, and control over money lenders are the important factors which have led them towards urban areas in search of business.

$(6)$ In India increase in urban population has created many problems.

Inadequate housing and infrastructural facilities, day by day increasing slums and hutment, failure in providing basic facilities like electricity, transportation and water, administrative problems etc.
The problem of waste water discharge, pollution etc. are very severe problems.
There are many social evils such as theft, robbing etc. which are very common in urban areas.
The proportion of the population of rural and urban area is influenced normally by education, employment, health, social life, qualitative life, occupation, economic compensation, material prosperity etc.

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Question 423 Marks

Explain any three measures to control population of India.

Answer

1. Education: Increasing literacy, especially among women, helps in understanding the benefits of small families.
2. Family Planning Programmes: Providing affordable contraceptives and counseling.
3. Raising Marriage Age: Legally increasing the age of marriage reduces the reproductive span of women.

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Question 433 Marks

Explain social factors as a cause of high birth rate.

Answer

1. Universality of Marriage: In India, marriage is considered a religious and social obligation.
2. Early Marriage and Widow Remarriage: Marrying young increases the reproductive span.
3. Preference for a Male Child: Families keep having children until a son is born.
4. Joint Family System: Responsibility of children is shared, so financial burden is less felt.

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