Social Science 3 Marks Each

The Constitution of India has always protected the autonomy of the Judiciary. In the name of that right, the Supreme Court of India as well as the High Courts of the states have given powerful (momentous) judgements and protected the rights of the citizens and have contributed towards the formation of a judicious social system, as well.
In India, the protection of the fundamental rights of citizens was discussed in detail in the judgement of the much debated case of Mr Keshvanand Bharti versus the Government of Kerala in which the power of the Parliament on the basis of majority in influencing fundamental rights of citizens. The Constitutional Bench of the Supreme Court had delivered a landmark judgement at the end of this case.
In the judgement of the case of Justice Puttaswami versus the Union of India, the Supreme Court had protected the fundamental right to privacy of citizens because the Constitution of India guarantees the fundamental right to privacy to all citizens.

The judge of the Supreme Court can be removed from his position (office) by impeachment proceedings on the basis of proven misbehaviour, incapacity and the violation of Consututional limits.
A judge of the Supreme Court can be removed from office only on the basis of a resolution passed by a majority of the present and voting members in both the Houses of Parliament. This is called Proceedings of Impeachment.
During the Impeachment proceedings. the concerned judge is given an opportunity to appear in the Parliament and make a statement in his defence.

A picture of the Goddess of Justice Larly Jusure is ghren above She has a blindfold on her eyes and a balance in her bound h indicates that Lady Justice weighs justice without any favour or feeling of like or dislike. The sword in the hand of Lady Justler shoes that if the crime is proved the criminal must be punished. These symbols of Lady Jusure are pointers of the Judiciary.
The Judiciary has been kept independent from the executive so that judges can administer justice and do their duty impartially neutrally honestly and fearlessly without being embarrased tempted or pressured by the Executive of the country The independence of Judiciary is protected by making special provision for this in the Constitution of India.
The judges of the High Court or the Supreme Court may be removed from their position by impeachment proceedings if their misbehaviour or incapacity is proved.
The Judiciary of India is purely institutional based. In the Judiciary, no matter how influendal a person is he/she is not above the law The Judiciary does not work according to anyone's autocracy will or discretion, I administers justice according to the laws enacted and enforced by the representatives of the people.

The court which has value of the record of judgement and when it is presented, its legality cannot be challenged, is called the 'Court of Records. The Supreme Court is the 'Court of Records'. The Supreme Court preserves its own judgements or decisions, interpretations of the law, etc. in the form of documents. These judgements and decisions are obligatory to all the citizens and all other courts of the country. Other courts give their own judgements based on them. They use these judgements as a reference. The Supreme Court forms the rules and regulations for the proceedings of all the courts of the country. It is compulsory for all courts to abide by these rules.
The Supreme Court records and publishes its own judgements given for each case. The judgements and decisions of the Supreme Court are ultimate. There can be no appeal against them.

Generally, there is one High Court in each state. But there may be one High Court for two or more states. For example the North Eastern states of India-ie Assam. Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland and Tripura as well as Punjab and Haryana and the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana have only one High Court The jurisdiction of all the High Courts of the country has been fixed. The High Courts are the link between the Subordinate Courts and the Supreme Court. The High Court at the state level enjoys the same position and dignity as the Supreme Court at the central level The High Court is the highest court at state level and it administers justice by interpreting the law.
The Chief Justice of the High Court is appointed by the President in consultation with the Senior Judges of High Court as well as the Governor of the respective state. The other judges are also appointed by the President in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court of the respective state All High Courts of the country do not have equal number of Judges Before assuming office, the Governor or the person appointed by him makes the person appointed as a judge of High Court take an oath or affirmation for the position and secrecy and to sign that oath.
The High Court is officially conducted in English. The complainant and the accused are not required to be present in the High Court The lawyers of both the parties present their arguments of the case before the judge If needed the accused or the complainant are brought to the court An appeal can be filed in the Supreme Court against the order of the High Court.
The High Court of Gujarat is located on the Gandhinagar - Sarkhej Highway in Ahmedabad.

The courts under the jurisdiction of the High Court of the state and functioning under its control are called 'Subordinate Courts or Lower Courts. Subordinate Courts include all District Courts and Taluka Courts of the state.
The structure and functions of the subordinate courts of jurisdiction across the country are more or less similar All Subordinate Courts function under the supervision of the concerned High Court.
Both the complainant and the accused are made present in the Subordinate Courts. They present their case before the judges through their respective lawyers. After listening to the arguments of the accused and the complainant. the judge gives the verdict.

The Judiciary is the third organ of the government. It administers justice to the citizens of the country. For this. Taluka Courts, District Courts, High Courts and the Supreme Court have been established in the country. Taluka Courts are the foundation of the Indian Judiciary; while the Supreme Court is at the top. The Indian Union has a constant, uniform, integrated and independent Judiciary for the whole country.
In the Judiciary of our country, justice is given for both types of complaints - civil cases and criminal cases. Complaints for the right to a house, land or other property are called 'civil cases'. While complaints about theft. loot. murder, combating, etc. are called 'criminal cases'.