Question
A liquid with high boiling point decomposes on simple distillation but it can be steam distilled for its purification. Explain how is it possible?
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Answer
Steam distillation: This type of distillation is essentially a co-distillation with water and is carried out when a solid or liquid, practically insoluble in water, is volatile with steam, possess a vapour pressure of about 10-15 mm of mercury but the impurities are non-volatile. The principle of steam distillation is based on Dalton’s law of partial pressures. Let p1 and p2 be the vapour pressures of water vapour and the organic liquid at the distillation temperature. The liquid boils when total pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure p, i.e.,
p = p1 + p2 or p2 = p − p1
This process is used in the purification of compounds such as chlorotoluenes, aniline and nitrobenzene. It is also employed in the isolation of essential oils from flowers.
p = p1 + p2 or p2 = p − p1
This process is used in the purification of compounds such as chlorotoluenes, aniline and nitrobenzene. It is also employed in the isolation of essential oils from flowers.
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Note: Consider structures I to VII and answer the questions:
→→- $\text{CH}_3-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_2-\text{OH}$
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$\text{CH}_3-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}-\text{CH}_3\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ |\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \text{OH}$
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$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \text{CH}_3\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ |\\\text{CH}_3-\text{C}-\text{CH}_3\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ |\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \text{OH}$
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$\text{CH}_3-\text{CH}-\text{CH}_2-\text{OH}\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ |\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \text{CH}_3$
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$\text{CH}_3-\text{CH}_2-\text{O}-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_3$
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$\text{CH}_3-\text{O}-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_3$
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$\text{CH}_3-\text{O}-\text{CH}-\text{CH}_3\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ |\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \text{CH}_3$
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→$\text{Cr}_2\text{O}^{2-}_7+\text{Fe}^{2+}+\text{H}^+\xrightarrow{ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ }\text{Cr}^{3+}+\text{Fe}^{3+}+\text{H}_2\text{O}$