Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids — Chemistry STD 12 Science — Question

Why is it not possible to obtain pure ethanol by fractional distillation? What general name is given to binary mixtures which show deviation from Raoult’s law and whose components cannot be separated by fractional distillation. How many types of such mixtures are there?

Write two applications of electrochemical series.

Primary alkyl halide C4H9Br (a) reacted with alcoholic KOH to give compound (b). Compound (b) is reacted with HBr to give (c) which is an isomer of (a). When (a) is reacted with sodium metal it gives compound (d), C8H18 which is different from the compound formed when n-butyl bromide is reacted with sodium. Give the structural formula of (a) and write the equations for all the reactions.

Match the items given in Column I and Column II.

	Column I		Column II
i.	Saturated solution	a.	Solution having same osmotic pressure at a given temperature as that of given solution.
ii.	Binary solution	b.	A solution whose osmotic pressure is less than that of another.
iii.	Isotonic solution	c.	Solution with two components.
iv.	Hypotonic solution	d.	A solution which contains maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature.
v.	Solid solution	e.	A solution whose osmotic pressure is more than that of another.
vi	Hypertonic solution	f.	A solution in solid phase.

Answer the following questions: Describe the preparation of potassium permanganate from pyrolusite ore. Write balanced chemical equation for one reaction to show the oxidizing nature of potassium permanganate.

Explain the various uses of lanthanoids.