Question
Which methodology is used while sequencing the total DNA from a cell? Explain it in detail.
✓
Answer
Methodologies of HGP:
The methods involve two major approaches:
-
Expressed sequence tags (ESTs): This method focusses on identifying all the genes that are expressed as RNA.
-
Sequence annotation: It is an approach of simply sequencing the whole set of genome that contains all the coding and non-coding sequences, and later assigning different regions in the sequence with functions.
- For sequencing, the total DNA from cell is first isolated and broken down in relatively small sizes as fragments.
- These DNA fragments are cloned in suitable host using suitable vectors. When bacteria is used as vector, they are called bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC) and when yeast is used as vector, they are called yeast artificial chromosomes (YAC).
- Frederick Sanger developed a principle according to which the fragments of DNA are sequenced by automated DNA sequences.
- On the basis of overlapping regions on DNA fragments, these sequences are arranged accordingly.
- For alignment of these sequences, specialised computer-based programmes were developed.
- Finally, the genetic and physical maps of the genome were constructed by collecting information about certain repetitive DNA sequences and DNA polymorphism, based on endonuclease recognition sites.
Need a full question paper?
Generate a complete, print-ready paper with questions like this in minutes — across 16+ boards, with answer keys.
Explore more
Similar questions
What is called retrovirus? Show the replication of retrovirus with the help of diagram.
The following is the illustration of the sequence of ovarian events (a – i) in a human female.
What is the difference between “d” and “e” ?
Placenta acts as an endocrine gland. Explain.
Ranjana and Shilpi had a hot argument whether or not life is still originating on the earth today. Their neighbour, Mr. Kamal Mishra, a retired professor, who happened to be listening to the girls, called them and explained the matter in detail.
- As a student of biology, what is your answer to the above problem? And why?
- Recall the experiment of Miller, which simulated the primitive atmosphere.
- What were the products obtained in his experiment?
- How was energy provided in the experiment?
- What would have been the energy source for origin of life on the earth?
- Indicate the values shown by Mr. Kamal Mishra?
Answer the following questions:
Draw a diagrammatic sectional view of the female reproductive system of human and label the parts:
Draw a diagrammatic sectional view of the female reproductive system of human and label the parts:
- Where the secondary oocytes develop.
- Which helps in collection of ovum after ovulation.
- Where fertilisation occurs.
- Here implantation of embryo occurs.
A normal visioned woman, whose father is colour blind, marries a normal visioned man. What would be the probability of her (a) sons (b) daughters to be colour blind? Explain with the help of pedigree chart.
- List any four abiotie components that lead to variations in the physical and chemical conditions of different habitats.
- Explain the impact of these components distribution of organisms in different habitats.
What are the key concepts in the evolution theory of Darwin?
Write the name of causative agent and symptoms of following sexually transmitted diseases.
1. Syphilis, 2. Gonorrhea, 3. Herpes Genitalis, 4. Trichomoniasis, 5. Chalmydiasis, 6. AIDS, 7. Genital Warts, 8. Vaginitis.
1. Syphilis, 2. Gonorrhea, 3. Herpes Genitalis, 4. Trichomoniasis, 5. Chalmydiasis, 6. AIDS, 7. Genital Warts, 8. Vaginitis.
Citing lake as an example of a simple aquatic ecosystem, interpret how various functions of this ecosystem are carried out. Make a food chain that is functional in this ecosystem.