Question
Distinguish between : Primary and secondary succession.

Answer

Primary successionSecondary succession
1. The primary succession starts in the area where no living organisms ever existed.1. The secondary succession starts in an area which has lost all the living organisms once existed.
2. Areas where primary succession starts are bare rock, newly formed pond, newly cooled lava, etc.2. Abandoned farm, cut or burnt forest, flooded land’, etc. are areas where secondary succession begins.
3. Primary succession is a very slow process.3. Secondary succession is comparatively a faster process.

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Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:
A typical angiospermic ovule is a small structure attached to the placenta by means of a stalk called funicle. The body of the ovule fuses with funicle in the region called hilum. Each ovule has one or two protective envelopes called integuments. Integuments encircle the nucellus except at the tip where a small opening called the micropyle is formed. Mature ovules are classified on the basis of funiculus. It can be orthotropous, anadromous, hernitropous, campylotropous, etc.
  1. The body of the ovule consists of a mass of parenchymatous cells called:
  1. Integuments.
  2. Nucellus.
  3. Hilum.
  4. Funiculus.
  1. Refer to the given figure and select the correct statement regarding it.
  1. This type of ovule is found in cactus.
  2. The micropyle comes to lie close to the funiculus due to unilateral growth of ovule.
  3. It is most common type of ovule found in the members of Chenopodiaceae.
  4. It is half inverted ovule.
  1. Identify the parts labelled as A, B, C and D in the given figure and select the correct option.
S. No A B C D
(a) Chalaza Female gametophyte Embryo sac Micropyle
(b) Chalaza NuceIIus Embryo sac Micropyle
(c) Micropyle Egg Embryo sac Chalaza
(d) Micropyle Nucellus Embryo sac Chalaza
  1. Mature ovules are classified on the basis of funiculus. If micropyle lie close to the funiculus, the ovule is termed as:
  1. Orthotropous.
  2. Anatropous.
  3. Hemitropous.
  4. Campylotropous.
  1. In Asphodel us, ovule is:
  1. Unitegmic.
  2. Tritegmic.
  3. Bitegmic.
  4. Ategmic.
Column AColumn B
(1) Frederick Griffith(a) Test tube assay
(2) Avery, McCarty and MacLeod(b) Streptococcus pneumoniae
(3) Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase(c) E. coli
(4) Meselson and Stahl(d) Bacteriophages
Column I [Phases]Column II [Hormonal changes]
(1) Menstrual phase(a) Rapid secretion of LH
(2) Proliferative phase(b) Increased level of FSH and estrogen
(3) Ovulatory phase(c) Increased level of progesterone
(4) Secretory phase(d) Decrease in progesterone and estrogen
CellsFunctions
(1) T-lymphocytes(a) Phagocytic in function
(2) Neutrophils(b) Responsible for Humoral immunity
(3) Eosinophils/Acidophils(c) Responsible for cell-medicated immunity
(4) B-lymphocytes(d) Anti-allergic [Antihistamine] in function
Read the following and answer any four questions front (i) to (v) given below:
Gene regulation is the mechanism of switching off and switching on of the genes depending upon the requirement of cells and the state of development. Gene regulation is of two types : negative and positive. In negative generegulation the genes continue expressing their effect till their activity is suppressed. Positive gene regulation is the one in which the genes remain non-expressed unless and until they are induced to do it. Operon model is a co-ordinated group of genes such as structural gene, operator gene, promoter gene, regulator gene which function together and regulate a metabolic pathway as a unit, e.g., lac operon, trp operon, ara operon, etc.
  1. Regulation of gene expression occurs at the level of.
  1. Transcription
  2. Processing/splicing
  3. Translation
  4. All of these.
  1. Inducible operon system usually occurs in A pathways. Nutrient molecules serve as B to stimulate production of the enzymes necessary for their breakdown. Genes for inducible operon are usually switched C and the repressor is synthesised in an D form.
S.no
A
B
C
D
(a)
anabolic
corepressor
on
inactive
(b)
anabolic
inducer
off
active
(c)
catabolic
inducer
off
active
(d)
catabolic
corepressor
on
inactive
  1. An mRNA molecule transcribed from the lac operon contains nucleotide sequences complementary to.
  1. Structural genes coding for the enzymes.
  2. the operator region
  3. the promotor region
  4. the repressor gene.
  1. Which statement correctly describes the control of transcription of the genes involved in the breakdown of lactose in Estherichia coli?
  1. A repressor protein binds to the operator and the genes are switched on.
  2. A repressor protein binds to the operator and the genes are switched off.
  3. A transcription factor binds to the promoter and the genes are switched on.
  4. A transcription factor binds to the promoter and the genes are switched off.
  1. Function of catabolic activator protein in lac operon is.
  1. To form mRNA
  2. Help to bind RNA polymerase
  3. Code for repressor
  4. To activates lac gene when glucose is absent.
Nematode specific genes were introduced into the tobacco host plant using a vector:
  1. pBR 322.
  2. Plasmid.
  3. Bacteriophage.
  4. Agrobacterium.
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